LGBT迴轉治療 

迴轉治療(英語:conversion therapy,或稱扭轉療法、轉化療法、性傾向治療、性傾向矯正療法、性傾向迴轉治療、拗直治療)是指試圖透過心理或靈性介入來使人的性取向雙性戀同性戀轉化至異性戀,或者将其性别认同跨性别转化为顺性别的嘗試,屬於偽科學的一種。沒有可靠的證據表明性傾向是能夠改變的,且醫療機構警告稱轉換療法是无效的,並可能帶來嚴重有害的後果,但仍有一些轉換療法的支持者聲稱轉換療法在使同性戀成為異性戀脫離同性戀)上取得部分成功[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]美國英國的醫學機構及政府機構均認為轉換療法有潛在危害[8][9][10][11][12][13]。亞洲、歐洲和美洲的一些地方皆已立法禁止轉換療法的實施。

美國精神醫學學會(APA)反對任何「基於同性戀本身就是一种精神障礙的假設,並先驗地假設當事人應改變其同性戀傾向」的療法[8],並指企圖將性傾向改變的專業人士違反道德[6]。它還指關於「平等對待同性戀者」的爭論正反方都會質疑對方的動機甚至人格,使得科學證據被相關質疑所掩蓋[8];而轉換療法的推廣則可能會危害社會,因為這會傳播關於性傾向的非科學觀點[9]。美國軍醫署的時任署長大衛·薩切爾在2001年發表了一份報告,當中指出「沒有有效的科學證據表明性傾向是能夠改變的」[14]

目前最知名的轉換療法提倡者為基要主義派基督教團體等組織。與將同性戀稱為「疾病」相比,它們現時較傾向以宗教理由來支持該套療法的合理性[4]同性戀研究及治療全國協會(NARTH)為提倡世俗化的轉換療法的最大組織,它在很多時候會跟宗教團體存有合作關係[4]

1981年前美國和西歐的轉換療法常會用到的方法包括冰锥脑白质切除术[3][4][15][16][17][18]、伴有激素治療的化學閹割[19]厌恶疗法(例子包括对生殖器官進行電擊、在同性性刺激物出現的同時喂食催吐劑)、自慰再制約法。在較近期,美國会使用的臨床技術則僅限於諮詢、想象、社交技能訓練、精神分析療法,以及像「祈禱、團體支援和壓力」般的靈性介入措施[20],儘管在20世紀90年代时亦見一些消息指還有一些無執照的人士会施行轉換療法[21][22]修復療法(reparative therapy)此一用詞一般為轉換療法的同義詞[8],但也有說法嚴格地認為它是用於特指跟伊丽莎白·莫伯利英语Elizabeth Moberly約瑟夫·尼科洛西英语Joseph Nicolosi兩人有关的一種特定療法[23]

  1. ^ Drescher & Zucker 2006,第126, 175頁
  2. ^ Ford 2001
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Cruz, David B. Controlling Desires: Sexual Orientation Conversion and the Limits of Knowledge and Law (PDF). Southern California Law Review. 1999, 72: 1297 [2016-11-25]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-09-19). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Yoshino 2002
  5. ^ Haldeman 1991,第149頁
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Jason Cianciotto; Sean Cahill. Youth in the crosshairs: the third wave of ex-gay activism (PDF). New York: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute. 2006 [2018-03-26]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-10-17). 
  7. ^ Haldeman, Douglas C. The Pseudo-science of Sexual Orientation Conversion Therapy (PDF). Angles: The Policy Journal of the Institute for Gay and Lesbian Strategic Studies. 1999, 4 (1) [2018-03-16]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-01-07). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 American Psychiatric Association. Position Statement on Therapies Focused on Attempts to Change Sexual Orientation (Reparative or Conversion Therapies). American Psychiatric Association. 2000 [2007-08-28]. (原始内容存档于2011-01-10). In December of 1998, the Board of Trustees issued a position statement that the American Psychiatric Association opposes any psychiatric treatment, such as "reparative" or conversion therapy, which is based upon the assumption that homosexuality per se is a mental disorder or based upon the a priori assumption that a patient should change his/her sexual homosexual orientation. ... The validity, efficacy and ethics of clinical attempts to change an individual's sexual orientation have been challenged. To date, there are no scientifically rigorous outcome studies to determine either the actual efficacy or harm of "reparative" treatments. (references omitted) 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Just the Facts About Sexual Orientation & Youth: A Primer for Principals, Educators and School Personnel (PDF), Just the Facts Coalition, 1999 [2010-05-14], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-04-22) 
  10. ^ Glassgold, JM; et al, Report of the American Psychological Association Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation (PDF), American Psychological Association, 2009-08-01 [2009-09-24], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-04-22) 
  11. ^ Memorandum of Understanding on Conversion Therapy in the UK (PDF), 2015 [2015-01-19], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-01-23) 
  12. ^ General Medical Council supports Memorandum on conversion therapy in the UK, 2015 [2015-01-19], (原始内容存档于2017-09-23) 
  13. ^ Professional Standards Authority supports action by Accredited Registers on Conversion Therapy, 2015 [2015-01-19], (原始内容存档于2015-05-05) 
  14. ^ "The Surgeon General's call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior", A Letter from the Surgeon General U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, [2007-03-29], (原始内容存档于2007-02-20) 
  15. ^ Burr, Chandler. Homosexuality and Biology. The Atlantic Magazine. 1997 [2016-11-25]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-11). 
  16. ^ Harrison, James. Changing Our Minds: The Story of Dr. Evelyn Hooker (Documentary Film). imdb. Internet Movie Database. [2016-11-25]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-06). 
  17. ^ Rieber, Inge; Sigusch, Volkmar. Psychosurgery on Sex Offenders and Sexual "Deviants" in West Germany. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1979, 8 (6): 523–527 [2016-11-25]. doi:10.1007/bf01541419. (原始内容存档于2019-12-11). 
  18. ^ Dieckmann, G.; Horn, H.J.; Schneider, H. Hitchcock, E.R.; Ballantine, H.T.; Meyerson, B.A. , 编. Long-term Results of Anterior Hypothalamotomy in Sexual Offences. Modern Concepts in Psychiatric Surgery (Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press). 1979: 187–195. 
  19. ^ Milar, Katherine S. The myth buster. Monitor on Psychology (American Psychological Association). 2011, 42 (2): 24 [2016-11-25]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-05). 
  20. ^ Haldeman, Douglas C., Gay Rights, Patient Rights: The Implications of Sexual Orientation Conversion Therapy (PDF), Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 2002, 33 (3): 260–264 [2018-03-26], doi:10.1037/0735-7028.33.3.260, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-10-26). 
  21. ^ Wareham, Hannah Clay. Survivor: MIT grad student Samuel Brinton remembers 'ex-gay' therapy. lgbtqnation.com. 2011-08-25 [2015-05-06]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-29). 
  22. ^ Ocamb, Karen. Shannon Minter on NARTH Lawsuit Against Psychological Child Abuse Law. The Bilerico Project. 2012-11-06 [2016-11-25]. (原始内容存档于2018-03-28). 
  23. ^ Drescher 1998,第152頁



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