政府体制 |
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实权总统的议会共和制[註 3]:国家元首和政府首脑由立法机关提名或选举,可以接受或不受立法机关信任
虚位总统的议会共和制:有虚位总统(儀典性且不具行政權),由独立且受立法机关信任的政府首脑领导行政部门
君主制政体: 议会制君主立宪制:有虚位君主(儀典性且不具行政權),由独立且受立法机关信任的政府首脑领导行政部门
二元制君主立宪制:有作為儀典代表的君主,由政府首脑领导行政部门,但君主拥有重要的行政权或立法权
绝对君主制:由君主直接领导行政部门
特殊政体: 宪法关于政体的规定被暂停的国家:如军政府
不符合上述任何体制:如临时政府和政治局势不明朗的国家
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半總統制是共和國的一種政體,其中總統與總理和內閣並存,後兩者對國家立法機構負責。它與議會制共和國的不同之處在於它有一個民選的國家元首,與總統制的不同之處在於內閣雖然由總統任命,但對立法機關負責,立法機關可以通過不信任動議迫使內閣辭職。[1][2][3][4]
雖然魏瑪共和國和芬蘭(1919年至2000年間)是早期半總統制的典範,但“半總統制”一詞於1959年在記者于贝尔·伯夫-梅里的一篇文章中首次被介紹[5],又由政治學家莫里斯·杜瓦杰在其論著中推廣[6],他們兩人都有意描述法蘭西第五共和國(成立於1958年)。[1][2][3][4]
The concept of a semi-presidential form of government, as used here, is defined only by the content of the constitution. A political regime is considered as semi-presidential if the constitution which established it, combines three elements: (1) the president of the republic is elected by universal suffrage, (2) he possesses quite considerable powers; (3) he has opposite him, however, a prime minister and ministers who possess executive and governmental power and can stay in office only if the parliament does not show its opposition to them.
The conventional analysis of government in democratic countries by political science and constitutional law starts from the traditional types of presidentialism and parliamentarism. There is, however, a general consensus that governments in the various countries work quite differently. This is why some authors have inserted distinctive features into their analytical approaches, at the same time maintaining the general dichotomy. Maurice Duverger, trying to explain the French Fifth Republic, found that this dichotomy was not adequate for this purpose. He therefore resorted to the concept of 'semi-presidential government': The characteristics of the concept are (Duverger 1974: 122, 1978: 28, 1980: 166):
1. the president of the republic is elected by universal suffrage,
2. he possesses quite considerable powers and
3. he has opposite him a prime minister who possesses executive and governmental powers and can stay in office only if parliament does not express its opposition to him.
取材自維基百科 - 中文時事百科