半总统制 

政府体制

共和制政体

  总统制[註 1]:行政总统独立于立法机关
  半总统制[註 2]:既有行政总统,又有独立的政府首脑领导其他行政部门,但政府首脑由总统任命并对立法机关负责
  实权总统的议会共和制[註 3]:国家元首和政府首脑由立法机关提名或选举,可以接受或不受立法机关信任
  虚位总统的议会共和制:有虚位总统(儀典性且不具行政權),由独立且受立法机关信任的政府首脑领导行政部门

君主制政体:

  议会制君主立宪制:有虚位君主(儀典性且不具行政權),由独立且受立法机关信任的政府首脑领导行政部门
  二元制君主立宪制:有作為儀典代表的君主,由政府首脑领导行政部门,但君主拥有重要的行政权或立法权
  绝对君主制:由君主直接领导行政部门

特殊政体:

  一党制:名义上为共和制政体,但国家的政权在相当长的时期内只由一个政党所把握,领导人和执政党的地位相对稳定
  宪法关于政体的规定被暂停的国家:如军政府
  不符合上述任何体制:如临时政府和政治局势不明朗的国家

  1. ^ 总统既是国家元首又是政府首脑。通常不设总理,即使设置总理,其任免也完全由总统决定。
  2. ^ 半总统制可细分为
    半总统半总理制: 总统提名总理和内阁须咨询议会、得到议会的同意或依惯例任命议会最大政党领袖为总理,内阁与总统互不隶属,当两者分属不同政党时总统将丧失部分权力。只有议会有权撤换总理和内阁,但总统有权解散议会。
    半总统半议会制: 总统拥有最高的行政权力,总理可以不经议会同意直接任命,再由总理组成内阁。总统可随时任命、免除、替换总理,无须征询议会同意,总理代表总统接受议会的质询,向议会负责,其职位更类似于一个超级部长。
  3. ^ 包含委员会制:由议会选举出一定数量的委员组成委员会行使国家元首和政府首脑的职权,可不受议会信任。

半總統制共和國的一種政體,其中總統總理內閣並存,後兩者對國家立法機構負責。它與議會制共和國的不同之處在於它有一個民選的國家元首,與總統制的不同之處在於內閣雖然由總統任命,但對立法機關負責,立法機關可以通過不信任動議迫使內閣辭職。[1][2][3][4]

雖然魏瑪共和國芬蘭(1919年至2000年間)是早期半總統制的典範,但“半總統制”一詞於1959年在記者于贝尔·伯夫-梅里的一篇文章中首次被介紹[5],又由政治學家莫里斯·杜瓦杰在其論著中推廣[6],他們兩人都有意描述法蘭西第五共和國(成立於1958年)。[1][2][3][4]

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Duverger. A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government. European Journal of Political Research (quarterly). 1980, 8 (2): 165–187. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1980.tb00569.x可免费查阅. The concept of a semi-presidential form of government, as used here, is defined only by the content of the constitution. A political regime is considered as semi-presidential if the constitution which established it, combines three elements: (1) the president of the republic is elected by universal suffrage, (2) he possesses quite considerable powers; (3) he has opposite him, however, a prime minister and ministers who possess executive and governmental power and can stay in office only if the parliament does not show its opposition to them. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Veser, Ernst. Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's concept: A New Political System Model (PDF). Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences. 1997, 11 (1): 39–60 [2016-08-21]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-02-08). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Duverger, Maurice. Les monarchies républicaines [The Republican Monarchies] (PDF). Pouvoirs, revue française d'études constitutionnelles et politiques. No. 78 (Paris: Éditions du Seuil). September 1996: 107–120 [2016-09-10]. ISBN 2-02-030123-7. ISSN 0152-0768. OCLC 909782158. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-10-01) (法语). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Bahro, Horst; Bayerlein, Bernhard H.; Veser, Ernst. Duverger's concept: Semi-presidential government revisited. European Journal of Political Research (quarterly). October 1998, 34 (2): 201–224. S2CID 153349701. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.00405. The conventional analysis of government in democratic countries by political science and constitutional law starts from the traditional types of presidentialism and parliamentarism. There is, however, a general consensus that governments in the various countries work quite differently. This is why some authors have inserted distinctive features into their analytical approaches, at the same time maintaining the general dichotomy. Maurice Duverger, trying to explain the French Fifth Republic, found that this dichotomy was not adequate for this purpose. He therefore resorted to the concept of 'semi-presidential government': The characteristics of the concept are (Duverger 1974: 122, 1978: 28, 1980: 166):
    1. the president of the republic is elected by universal suffrage,
    2. he possesses quite considerable powers and
    3. he has opposite him a prime minister who possesses executive and governmental powers and can stay in office only if parliament does not express its opposition to him.
     
  5. ^ Le Monde, 8 January 1959.
  6. ^ Duverger, Maurice. Échec au roi. Paris: A. Michel. 1978. ISBN 9782226005809. 



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