父權 

父權制是一種社會制度,在這種制度中,支配地位和特權主要由男子佔據。[1][2][2]它既被用作技術人類學術語,指父親、長男或男性羣體控制的家庭或部族,也被用於女性主義理論,用以描述男子支配婦女和兒童的廣泛社會結構。在這些理論中,它常常延伸到各種表現形式,即男子比造成剝削或壓迫的其他人享有社會特權,例如通過男子主宰道德權威和控制財產。[3][4][5]父權制社會可以是父系社會,也可以是母系社會,這意味着財產和頭銜分別由男性或女性繼承。

父權制與一套觀念有關,這是一種父權制意識形態,其作用是解釋和證明這種支配地位,並將其歸因於男女之間固有的自然差異。社會學家對父權制是社會產物還是性別先天差異的結果持有不同的看法。社會生物學家將人類的性別角色與其他靈長類動物的性教育行爲相比較,一些人認爲性別不平等主要來自男女之間的遺傳和生殖差異。社會建構主義者對這一論點提出質疑,認爲性別角色和性別不平等是權力工具,已成爲維持對婦女控制的社會規範。建構主義者會爭辯說,社會生物學觀點有助於爲壓迫婦女辯護。[6]

從歷史上看,父權制表現在一系列不同文化的社會、法律、政治、宗教和經濟組織中。[7]大多數當代社會實際上都是父權制社會。[8][9]

  1. ^ Definition of PATRIARCHY. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. [2022-11-30]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-21) (英语). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 patriarchy. Britannica. [2022-11-30]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-19) (英语). 
  3. ^ Walby, Sylvia. Theorising Patriarchy. Sociology. May 1989, 23 (2): 213–234 [2022-11-30]. JSTOR 42853921. S2CID 220676988. doi:10.1177/0038038589023002004. (原始内容存档于2023-02-16) –通过JSTOR.  "I shall define patriarchy as a system of social structures, and practices in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women." "There are six main patriarchal structures which together constitute a system of patriarchy. These are: a patriarchal mode of production in which women's labour is expropriated by their husbands; patriarchal relations within waged labour; the patriarchal state; male violence; patriarchal relations in sexuality; and patriarchal culture."
  4. ^ Lerner, Gerda. The creation of patriarchy. New York: Oxford University Press. 1986: 238–239. ISBN 978-0-19-503996-2. OCLC 13323175. In its narrow meaning, patriarchy refers to the system, historically derived from Greek and Roman law, in which the male head of the household had absolute legal and economic power over his dependent female and male family members.  "Patriarchy in its wider definition means the manifestation and institutionalization of male dominance over women and children in the family and the extension of male dominance over women in society in general."
  5. ^ Hunnicutt, Gwen. Varieties of Patriarchy and Violence Against Women: Resurrecting "Patriarchy" as a Theoretical Tool. Violence Against Women. 2009-05-01, 15 (5): 553–573 [2022-11-30]. ISSN 1077-8012. PMID 19182049. S2CID 206667077. doi:10.1177/1077801208331246. (原始内容存档于2022-12-29). The core concept of patriarchy—systems of male domination and female subordination  "Although patriarchy has been variously defined, for purposes of this article, it means social arrangements that privilege males, where men as a group dominate women as a group, both structurally and ideologically—hierarchical arrangements that manifest in varieties across history and social space."
  6. ^ The Origins of Patriarchy. July 2021 [2022-11-30]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-21). 
  7. ^ Malti-Douglas, Fedwa. Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender. Detroit: Macmillan. 2007. ISBN 978-0-02-865960-2. 
  8. ^ Lockard, Craig. Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History 3rd. Stamford, Conn.: Cengage Learning. 2015: 88. ISBN 978-1-285-78312-3. Today, as in the past, men generally hold political, economic, and religious power in most societies thanks to patriarchy, a system whereby men largely control women and children, shape ideas about appropriate gender behavior, and generally dominate society. 
  9. ^ Pateman, Carole. Naples, Nancy A. , 编. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies, Volume 5. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 1–3. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4051-9694-9. doi:10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss468. The heyday of the patriarchal structures analyzed in The Sexual Contract extended from the 1840s to the late 1970s [...] Nevertheless, men's government of women is one of the most deeply entrenched of all power structures  |chapter=被忽略 (帮助)



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