柬埔寨历史 


柬埔寨历史系列条目
扶南
约1世纪–550
真腊
约6世纪–802

水真腊陆真腊
高棉帝国
(吴哥时期)
802–1431
金边时期 1431–1525
洛韦时期 1525–1593
斯雷桑托时期 1594–1620
乌栋时期 1620–1863
越南統治時期 1835–1847
法国统治时期
1867-1953
日本占领时期 1941-1945
第一王国
1953-1970
高棉共和国
1970-1975

柬王国民族团结政府
民主柬埔寨
1976-1979
民柬联合政府
1979-1992

柬埔寨
人民共和国
1979-1992

联柬权力机构
1992-1993

柬埔寨王国
1993至今

柬埔寨中南半島地区历史悠久的文明古国,有兩千年以上之歷史,其歷史可以追溯到印度文明[1][2]。柬埔寨有詳細記錄以來最早出現、曾被中國史冊提及的是扶南國-一個在西元1至6世紀圍繞中南半島最南端的政體。扶南國被認為有著南湄公河一帶[3]最古老的區域印度教文化,這顯示了其在印度圈中的角色,為西邊印度的長期海上貿易夥伴[4]。到了6世紀,在中國史冊中被稱為真臘的另一個文明崛起,取代了扶南國,控制著中南半島更大、更起伏的地區,並且保持了不僅僅一個權力中心[5][6]

高棉帝國成立於9世紀初。傳說中於公元802年,高棉帝國的開國君主闍耶跋摩二世庫楞山藉著神话啟示和神聖化的儀式,主张其政治合法性。繼承著印度神王崇拜傳統的強大主權統治了高棉文明的古典時代,直到11世紀。據一些學者稱,後期的省級引進了佛教,導致了皇家宗教的斷絕和衰落[7]。高棉帝國的皇室結束於14世紀,其中高棉帝國在行政英语Administration (government)農業建築水文物流城市規劃藝術,皆是創新和進步的文明的見證,是東南亞歷史文化遺產的基石[8]

柬埔寨的衰落持續了大約100年,隨後是15世紀中葉開始的柬埔寨歷史中期,是為柬埔寨黑暗時代。雖然當時的印度教文化已全部被取代,但舊首都的遺址仍然是重要的精神中心[9]。然而,自15世紀中葉以來,柬埔寨核心人口續漸向東遷移,其中只有少數例外-定居在湄公河的合流處,以及洞里薩湖週邊的金邊洛韋烏棟[10][11]

海洋貿易英语Indian Ocean trade是16世紀繁榮的基礎,但與此同時,柬埔寨受到外地人的干擾和影響亦不斷增加,其中包括馬來人穆斯林占族人,基督徒歐洲冒險家傳教士。模棱兩可的命運,一方面帶來強勢的經濟發展,另一方面亦導致文化的混亂和削弱的王權,是洛韋時期 的常有特徵[12][13]

在15世紀,本來高棉人的相鄰部族,包括西部的孟族和東部的占族逐漸淡落,或是分別被更堅韌的泰族越族取替[14]。各強權已意識到,要全面控制中南半島,控制湄公河下游盆地尤其重要。虛弱的高棉王國成為了阿瑜陀耶王國(即後來的曼谷)和占城戰略家的眾矢之的。對高棉王室的攻擊和征服使主權者在表面和實際上皆失去了權力的基礎[15][16]。對繼承和婚姻政策的干涉加劇了皇家威望的衰落。公元1601年,烏棟時期開始,是柬埔寨中世紀的最後一個時期[17]

至19世紀,當時技術更先進且野心勃勃的歐洲殖民大國,開始涉足東南亞。另一邊廂的拉達那哥欣王國,雖有遭到侮辱和並持續撤退,最終因作為英法殖民地之間的緩衝而逃過一劫。而越南則成為了法國征服對象[18] [19]。柬埔寨雖在很大程度上被忽略了,[20]但亦同樣作為一個可感知的實體加入法屬印度支那,並將其身份和完整性重新納入現代[21][22]

在經歷了80年的殖民「冬眠」後,日本於第二次世界大戰期間短暫佔領柬埔寨,那時也巧合是柬埔寨國王諾羅敦·施漢諾的授銜儀式[23],成為柬埔寨重新解放和其現代歷史不可逆轉過程的開端。公元1953年,柬埔寨王國獨立,並在美、蘇兩極分化的世界中努力保持中立[24]。隨著越戰升級,柬埔寨越來越多地涉及其中[25],1970年高棉共和國的建立是其中的一個結果。1975年,赤柬政權柬埔寨內戰獲勝,取代了共和國,柬埔寨踏入最黑暗的時代[14]柬越戰爭亦為柬埔寨帶來毀滅性影響。1993年,柬埔寨人民共和國聯合國協議下向現代柬埔寨邁進[26]

  1. ^ Chandler, David. Cambodian History: Searching for the Truth. Cambodia Tribunal Monitor. Northwestern Primary School of Law Center for International Human Rights and Documentation Center of Cambodia. July 2009 [2015-11-25]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-19). We have evidence of cave dwellers in northwestern Cambodia living as long ago as 5000 BCE. 
  2. ^ Mourer, Cécile; Mourer, Roland. The Prehistoric Industry of Laang Spean, Province of Battambang, Cambodia. Archaeology & Physical Anthropology in Oceania (Oceania Publications, University of Sydney). July 1970, 5 (2): 128–146. JSTOR 40386114. 
  3. ^ Stark, Miriam T. Pre-Angkorian Settlement Trends in Cambodia's Mekong Delta and the Lower Mekong Archaeological Project (PDF). Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 2006, 26: 98–109 [2015-07-05]. doi:10.7152/bippa.v26i0.11998. hdl:10524/1535. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-23). The Mekong delta played a central role in the development of Cambodia’s earliest complex polities from approximately 500 BCE to 600 CE... envoys Kang Dai and Zhu Ying visited the delta in the mid-3rd century CE to explore the nature of the sea passage via Southeast Asia to India ... a tribute-based economy, that ... It also suggests that the region’s importance continued unabated 
  4. ^ Stark, Miriam T.; Griffin, P. Bion; Phoeurn, Chuch; Ledgerwood, Judy; et al. Results of the 1995–1996 Archaeological Field Investigations at Angkor Borei, Cambodia (PDF). Asian Perspectives (University of Hawai'i-Manoa). 1999, 38 (1): 7–36 [2015-07-05]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-23). the development of maritime commerce and Hindu influence stimulated early state formation in polities along the coasts of mainland Southeast Asia, where passive indigenous populations embraced notions of statecraft and ideology introduced by outsiders... 
  5. ^ "What and Where was Chenla?", Recherches nouvelles sur le Cambodge (PDF). Michael Vickery’s Publications. [2015-07-05]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-12-20). 
  6. ^ Considerations on the Chronology and History of 9th Century Cambodia by Dr. Karl-Heinz Golzio, Epigraphist - ...the realm called Zhenla by the Chinese. Their contents are not uniform but they do not contradict each other. (PDF). Khmer Studies. [2015-07-05]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-05-24). 
  7. ^ The emergence and ultimate decline of the Khmer Empire - Many scholars attribute the halt of the development of Angkor to the rise of Theravada...p.14 (PDF). Studies Of Asia. [2016-07-24]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-06-20). 
  8. ^ Khmer Empire. The Ancient History Encyclopedia. [2015-07-07]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-06). 
  9. ^ AN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY INSCRIPTION FROM ANGKOR WAT by David P. Chandler (PDF). The Siam Society. [2015-06-29]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-03). 
  10. ^ Kingdom of Cambodia – 1431–1863. GlobalSecurity. [2015-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-21). 
  11. ^ Ross Marlay; Clark D. Neher. Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders. Rowman & Littlefield. 1999: 147. ISBN 978-0-8476-8442-7. 
  12. ^ Murder and Mayhem in Seventeenth Century Cambodia. Institute of Historical Research (IHR). [2015-06-26]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-17). 
  13. ^ Maritime Trade in Southeast Asia during the Early Colonial Period ...transferring the lucrative China trade to Cambodia... (PDF). Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology University of Oxford. [2015-06-26]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-04-23). 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Ben Kiernan. Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500-2000. Melbourne Univ. Publishing. 2008 [2020-06-20]. ISBN 978-0-522-85477-0. (原始内容存档于2016-05-29). 
  15. ^ 1551 – WAR WITH LOVEK – During the Burmese siege of Ayutthaya in 1549 the King of Cambodia, Ang Chan.... History of Ayutthaya. [2015-06-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-08). 
  16. ^ Nicholas Tarling. The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. 1999: 100 [2020-06-20]. ISBN 978-0-521-66370-0. (原始内容存档于2016-05-09). 
  17. ^ Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia by Brian A. Zottoli. University of Michigan. [2015-06-26]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-31). 
  18. ^ Smithies, Michael. The great Lao buffer zone. The Nation. 2010-03-08 [2015-04-03]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-02). 
  19. ^ LePoer, Barbara Leitch (编). The Crisis of 1893. Thailand: A Country Study. Library of Congress. 1987 [2015-04-03]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-09). 
  20. ^ Cambodia became a peripheral area, widely uncared for by France as economic benefits from Cambodia were negligible (PDF). Max-Planck-Institut. [2015-11-26]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-26). 
  21. ^ CAMBODIA'S BORDER WITH ENGAGEMENT FROM POWER COUNTRIES by SORIN SOK, Research Fellow – The treaty of 1863 (PDF). Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace. [2015-07-07]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-02-25). 
  22. ^ Marie Alexandrine Martin. Cambodia: A Shattered Society. University of California Press. 1994: 31 [2020-06-20]. ISBN 978-0-520-07052-3. (原始内容存档于2020-09-15). 
  23. ^ COMMUNISM AND CAMBODIA – Cambodia first declared independence from the French while occupied by the Japanese. Sihanouk, then King, made the declaration on 12 March 1945, three days after Hirohito's Imperial Army seized and disarmed wavering French garrisons throughout Indo-China. (PDF). DIRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE. [2015-07-07]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04). 
  24. ^ Simulation on The Cambodia Peace Settlement – The Sihanouk Era – The government of the new kingdom initially took a neutral stance in order to protect itself from neighboring countries. UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE. [2015-07-07]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-03). 
  25. ^ Conflict in Cambodia, 1945–2002 by Ben Kiernan – American aircraft dropped over half a million tons of bombs on Cambodia's countryside, killing over 100.000 peasants... (PDF). Yale University. [2015-07-07]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-04-21). 
  26. ^ Cambodia – History. Sandbox Networks, Inc. [2016-06-06]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-12). 



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