疼痛 | |
---|---|
一位婦女在抽血時的痛苦表情 | |
类型 | 症狀、不愉快性[*]、感知、sensation perception[*]、临床科学[*]、痛苦 |
分类和外部资源 | |
醫學專科 | 神經內科 |
ICD-10 | R52.9 |
DiseasesDB | 9503 |
MedlinePlus | 002164 |
身體的疼痛(pain)是由疾病、创伤、外在伤害性刺激,伴随现有的或潜在的组织损伤,所引起在知觉上或情绪上难受的、不愉快的感觉。疼痛是主观性的,影响的范围可为身体局部或整体,属一种复杂的生理、心理活动。
出於臨床研究的需要,國際疼痛研究國際疼痛研究協會將疼痛定義為「由真正存在或潛在的身體組織損傷所引起的不舒服知覺和心理感覺」。[1][2]
疼痛是主觀的感覺,早於1968年疼痛處理專家马戈·麦加费利首次提出一個在護理學界普遍使用的定義:「一個人說感到痛,這就是痛;他說痛仍在,痛就仍在。」(原文:Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does.)[3][4]
身體疼痛是看醫生的主要原因;在美國,有一半看醫生的人是因為疼痛,是最普遍的原因。[5]疼痛也是大部分病患的徵狀,可根據維持時間、強度、種類(如火燒、針刺感等)、位置等來診斷。通常疼痛會自然消退,或通過簡單的止痛處理後消退,這可稱作「急性」疼痛。但有時疼痛本身已是一種病患,如慢性疼痛。近年痛症引起了不同學科專家的關注,如藥理學、神經生物學、護理學、物理治療和心理學,並形成了疼痛管理這門在麻醉學、物理治療、神經學、精神科等專科之下的附屬專科[6]。
人體的痛覺神經有六種[需明示出處],但科學上紀錄有人無法感受痛楚,這種病是先天性无痛症,英文簡稱為“CIP”。
Pain. An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Note: The inability to communicate verbally does not negate the possibility that an individual is experiencing pain and is in need of appropriate pain-relieving treatment. Pain is always subjective. Each individual learns the application of the word through experiences related to injury in early life. Biologists recognize that those stimuli which cause pain are liable to damage tissue. Accordingly, pain is that experience we associate with actual or potential tissue damage. It is unquestionably a sensation in a part or parts of the body, but it is also always unpleasant and therefore also an emotional experience. Experiences which resemble pain but are not unpleasant, e.g., pricking, should not be called pain. Unpleasant abnormal experiences (dysesthesias) may also be pain but are not necessarily so because, subjectively, they may not have the usual sensory qualities of pain. Many people report pain in the absence of tissue damage or any likely pathophysiological cause; usually this happens for psychological reasons. There is usually no way to distinguish their experience from that due to tissue damage if we take the subjective report. If they regard their experience as pain and if they report it in the same ways as pain caused by tissue damage, it should be accepted as pain. This definition avoids tying pain to the stimulus. Activity induced in the nociceptor and nociceptive pathways by a noxious stimulus is not pain, which is always a psychological state, even though we may well appreciate that pain most often has a proximate physical cause.
取材自維基百科 - 中文時事百科