異性戀(英語:Heterosexuality)亦稱為異戀(異戀性向)、異性向[註 1]、異性爱[註 2],一般指對異性(包括生理性別及性別認同為當事人的異性)產生愛慕感、能與之建立浪漫關係,或認為異性擁有性吸引力的一種現象。把異性戀視作性傾向時,其定義則為「一種對異性產生的持久情感、喜愛、愛情和/或性吸引力的模式」;它「亦指人的一種性認同——該認同依據這些因素而作出:受到異性吸引、相關行為、其他同樣受到異性吸引的人所組成的群體」[1][2]。異性戀在某些情況下會被稱為「直」。
它是三大主要性傾向分類之一,與双性恋、同性戀並列於性取向連續體之內[1]。社會大多數人都是異性戀者,不論其文化如何。而異性性行為是迄今为止最常见的性行為类型[3][4]。
科學界尚未確切了解性取向的形成原因,不過他們相信性取向是由基因、激素和環境的共同作用所促成[5][6][7],且不認為它是一種選擇[5][6][8]。儘管並沒有一個有關性取向成因的理論得到科學界廣泛支持,但他們仍偏向支持有生物性基礎的理論[5]。與社會性因子相比,相對較多證據支持性傾向的生物性因子[3][9][10]。
儘管異性戀一詞在大多情況下皆用在人類身上,但很多動物皆有表現出異性戀行為,因為其是有性生殖所必須的。
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- ^ 1.0 1.1 Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality. American Psychological Association. [2013-08-10]. (原始内容存档于2013-08-08).
- ^ APA California Amicus Brief (PDF). Courtinfo.ca.gov. [2013-10-11]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-02-18).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc. Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2016, 17 (2): 45–101 [2019-07-30]. PMID 27113562. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. (原始内容存档于2020-04-14).
- ^ Human sexual activity - Sociosexual activity. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2019-12-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-08) (英语).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Frankowski BL; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence. Sexual orientation and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004, 113 (6): 1827–32 [2019-07-30]. PMID 15173519. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. (原始内容存档于2013-03-20).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Lamanna, Mary Ann; Riedmann, Agnes; Stewart, Susan D. Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society. Cengage Learning. 2014: 82 [2016-02-11]. ISBN 978-1-305-17689-8. (原始内容存档于2016-11-30).
The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established – nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American Psychological Association 2010).
- ^ Gail Wiscarz Stuart. Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014: 502 [2016-02-11]. ISBN 978-0-323-29412-6. (原始内容存档于2016-11-30).
No conclusive evidence supports any one specific cause of homosexuality; however, most researchers agree that biological and social factors influence the development of sexual orientation.
- ^ Gloria Kersey-Matusiak. Delivering Culturally Competent Nursing Care. Springer Publishing Company. 2012: 169 [2016-02-10]. ISBN 978-0-8261-9381-0. (原始内容存档于2016-11-30).
Most health and mental health organizations do not view sexual orientation as a 'choice.'
- ^ LeVay, Simon. Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation. Oxford University Press. 2017 [2019-07-30]. ISBN 9780199752966. (原始内容存档于2020-10-22).
- ^ Balthazart, Jacques. The Biology of Homosexuality. Oxford University Press. 2012 [2019-07-30]. ISBN 9780199838820. (原始内容存档于2021-01-26).