阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦(德語:Albert Einstein/ˈalbɛʁt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪnⓘ,1879年3月14日—1955年4月18日),是出生于德国、拥有瑞士和美国国籍的猶太裔理論物理學家,他创立了現代物理學的兩大支柱的相对论及量子力學[36]:274[1],也是質能等價公式(E = mc2)的發現者[37]。他在科學哲學領域頗具影響力[38][39]。因為“對理論物理的貢獻,特別是發現了光電效應的原理”,他榮獲1921年度的諾貝爾物理學獎(1922年頒發)。這一發現為量子理論的建立踏出了關鍵性的一步。[40]
愛因斯坦在職業生涯早期就發覺經典力學與電磁場無法相互共存,因而發展出狹義相對論。他又發現,相對論原理可以延伸至重力場的建模。根据研究出來的一些重力理論,他於1915年發表了廣義相對論。他持續研究統計力學與量子理論,这让他給出了粒子論與對於分子運動的解釋。1917年,愛因斯坦應用廣義相對論來建立大尺度結構宇宙的模型。[41]
阿道夫·希特勒於1933年開始掌權成為德國總理之時,愛因斯坦正在走訪美國。由於愛因斯坦是猶太裔人,所以儘管身為普魯士科學院教授,他并沒有返回德國。1940年,他定居美國,隨後成為美國公民[42]。在第二次世界大戰前夕,他在一封寫給當時美國總統富蘭克林·羅斯福的信裏署名,信內提到德國可能發展出一種新式且深具威力的炸彈,因此建議美國也盡早進行相關研究,美國因此開啟了曼哈頓計劃。愛因斯坦支持增強同盟國的武力,但譴責將當時新發現的核裂变用於武器用途的想法,後來愛因斯坦與英國哲學家伯特蘭·羅素共同簽署《羅素—愛因斯坦宣言》,強調核武器的危險性。
愛因斯坦是20世紀最重要的科學家之一,一生總共發表了300多篇科學論文和150篇非科學作品[43]:730-746,有“現代物理学之父”之誉。他卓越和原創性的科學成就使得“愛因斯坦”一詞成為“天才”的同義詞。[44]
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In conclusion, let me note that my friend and colleague M. Besso steadfastly stood by me in my work on the problem here discussed, and that I am indebted to him for many a valuable suggestion.
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Albert Einstein had a massive influence on contemporary physics. His theory of relativity shifted contemporary understanding of space completely. Along with his equation E = mc2, it also foreshadowed the creation of the atomic bomb. Einstein’s understanding of light as something which can function both as a wave and as a stream of particles became the basis for what is known today as quantum mechanics.
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He was the pre-eminent scientist in a century dominated by science. The touchstones of the era—the atomic bomb, the Big Bang theory, quantum physics and electronics—all bear his unmistakable imprint
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