阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 

阿爾伯特·爱因斯坦1921年諾貝爾物理學獎得主
Albert Einstein
upright=250px
演講中的愛因斯坦,费迪南德·施穆策英语Ferdinand Schmutzer摄于1921年
出生1879年3月14日
 德意志帝國符騰堡王國乌尔姆(今德國巴登-符騰堡州烏爾姆)
逝世1955年4月18日(1955歲—04—18)(76歲)
 美國新泽西州普林斯顿
死因腹主動脈瘤
居住地德國意大利瑞士奧地利[註 1]比利時美國
公民权
母校苏黎世联邦理工学院(联邦教师文凭,1900年)
蘇黎世大學(博士学位,1905年)
知名于
配偶
儿女
奖项
科学生涯
研究领域物理学、哲学
机构
论文Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen(分子大小的新测定法)(1905)
博士導師阿尔弗雷德·克莱纳
其他指导者海因里希·弗里德里希·韦伯英语Heinrich Friedrich Weber
受影响自
施影响于
自然科学领域
签名
預覽警告:页面使用了Template:Infobox scientist不存在的参数"ethnicity"

阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦(德語:Albert Einsteinˈalbɛʁt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn,1879年3月14日—1955年4月18日),是出生于德国、拥有瑞士美国国籍猶太理論物理學家,他创立了現代物理學的兩大支柱的相对论量子力學[36]:274[1],也是質能等價公式E = mc2)的發現者[37]。他在科學哲學領域頗具影響力[38][39]。因為“對理論物理的貢獻,特別是發現了光電效應的原理”,他榮獲1921年度的諾貝爾物理學獎(1922年頒發)。這一發現為量子理論的建立踏出了關鍵性的一步。[40]

愛因斯坦在職業生涯早期就發覺經典力學電磁場無法相互共存,因而發展出狹義相對論。他又發現,相對論原理可以延伸至重力場的建模。根据研究出來的一些重力理論,他於1915年發表了廣義相對論。他持續研究統計力學量子理論,这让他給出了粒子論與對於分子運動的解釋。1917年,愛因斯坦應用廣義相對論來建立大尺度結構宇宙的模型。[41]

阿道夫·希特勒於1933年開始掌權成為德國總理之時,愛因斯坦正在走訪美國。由於愛因斯坦是猶太裔人,所以儘管身為普魯士科學院教授,他并沒有返回德國。1940年,他定居美國,隨後成為美國公民[42]。在第二次世界大戰前夕,他在一封寫給當時美國總統富蘭克林·羅斯福的信裏署名,信內提到德國可能發展出一種新式且深具威力的炸彈,因此建議美國也盡早進行相關研究,美國因此開啟了曼哈頓計劃。愛因斯坦支持增強同盟國的武力,但譴責將當時新發現的核裂变用於武器用途的想法,後來愛因斯坦與英國哲學家伯特蘭·羅素共同簽署《羅素—愛因斯坦宣言》,強調核武器的危險性。

愛因斯坦是20世紀最重要的科學家之一,一生總共發表了300多篇科學論文和150篇非科學作品[43]:730-746,有“現代物理学之父”之誉。他卓越和原創性的科學成就使得“愛因斯坦”一詞成為“天才”的同義詞。[44]


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