性別認同

性別認同（英語：Gender identity）是一个人对自己性別的个人認知定位。^[1]性别认同可以与一个人出生时的指定性别相关，也可以与之不同。^[2]性別表現通常反映一个人的性别认同，但情况并非总是如此。^[3]^[4]虽然一个人可能会表現出与特定性别角色相一致的行为、态度和外貌，但这种表現不一定反映出他们的性别认同。性别认同这个词最初是由Robert Jesse Stoller在1964年提出。^[5]

所有社会都有一套性别范畴，可以作為一個人在其他相聯繫的社會成員中形成身份認同的基礎。^[6]在大多數社會中，指定性別中的男性特質和女性特質之間存在基本的分歧，^[7]这是大多数人坚持的性别二元論，其中包括對性別（生物性別、性別認同和性別表現）所有方面的男性特质和女性特质的期望。^[8]有些人並不認同（或不完全認同）基於生物性別的性別指定，^[9]例如一些人是跨性別，性別酷兒者或非二元性別人群。有一些社會有第三性別分類。

除了例外，性別認同在童年早期迅速發展，在大多情況下，到 3 歲或 4 歲時，性別認同至少部分變得不可逆轉。^[10]^[11] Endocrine Society（內分泌學會）表示“大量科學證據表明性別認同背後存在持久的生物學因素。個人可能會因生活中的其他因素而做出選擇，但似乎並沒有真正導致性別認同的外部力量個人改變性別認同”。^[12] 嘗試改變性別認同容易导致性别不安。^[13]

^ Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice, edited by Deana F. Morrow and Lori Messinger (2006, ISBN 0231501862), p. 8: "Gender identity refers to an individual's personal sense of identity as masculine or feminine, or some combination thereof."
^ Campaign, Human Rights. Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions. [2018-05-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-25）.
^ Summers, Randal W. Social Psychology: How Other People Influence Our Thoughts and Actions [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. 2016: 232. ISBN 9781610695923.
^ American Psychological Association. Guidelines for Psychological Practice With Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People (PDF). American Psychologist. December 2015, 70 (9): 861 [2020-08-22]. PMID 26653312. doi:10.1037/a0039906. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-09-29）.
^ STOLLER, ROBERT J. The Hermaphroditic Identity of Hermaphrodites. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. November 1964, 139 (5): 453–457. PMID 14227492. doi:10.1097/00005053-196411000-00005.
^ V. M. Moghadam, Patriarchy and the politics of gender in modernising societies, in International Sociology, 1992: "All societies have gender systems."
^ Carlson, Neil R.; Heth, C. Donald, Sensation, Carlson, Neil R.; Heth, C. Donald (编), Psychology: the science of behaviour 4th, Toronto, Canada: Pearson: 140–41, 2009, ISBN 978-0205645244.
^ Jack David Eller, Culture and Diversity in the United States (2015, ISBN 1317575784), p. 137: "most Western societies, including the United States, traditionally operate with a binary notion of sex/gender"
^ For example, "transvestites [who do not identify with the dress assigned to their sex] existed in almost all societies." (G. O. MacKenzie, Transgender Nation (1994, ISBN 0879725966), p. 43.) "There are records of males and females crossing over throughout history and in virtually every culture. It is simply a naturally occurring part of all societies." (Charles Zastrow, Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare: Empowering People (2013, ISBN 128554580X), p. 234, quoting the North Alabama Gender Center.)
^ Bukatko D, Daehler MW. Child Development: A Thematic Approach. Houghton Mifflin. 2004: 495. ISBN 978-0-618-33338-7 （英语）.
^ Hine FR, Carson RC, Maddox GL, Thompson Jr RJ, Williams RB. Introduction to Behavioral Science in Medicine. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012: 106 [8 January 2020]. ISBN 978-1-4612-5452-2. （原始内容存档于1 July 2020）（英语）.
^ Transgender Health. www.endocrine.org. December 16, 2020 [2022-10-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-10）（英语）.
^ Boles, 2013. Pages 101-102.

[MorrowMessinger-1] Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice, edited by Deana F. Morrow and Lori Messinger (2006, ISBN 0231501862), p. 8: "Gender identity refers to an individual's personal sense of identity as masculine or feminine, or some combination thereof."

[2] Campaign, Human Rights. Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions. [2018-05-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-25）.

[Summers-3] Summers, Randal W. Social Psychology: How Other People Influence Our Thoughts and Actions [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. 2016: 232. ISBN 9781610695923.

[APA2015-4] American Psychological Association. Guidelines for Psychological Practice With Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People (PDF). American Psychologist. December 2015, 70 (9): 861 [2020-08-22]. PMID 26653312. doi:10.1037/a0039906. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-09-29）.

[5] STOLLER, ROBERT J. The Hermaphroditic Identity of Hermaphrodites. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. November 1964, 139 (5): 453–457. PMID 14227492. doi:10.1097/00005053-196411000-00005.

[6] V. M. Moghadam, Patriarchy and the politics of gender in modernising societies, in International Sociology, 1992: "All societies have gender systems."

[Carlson-7] Carlson, Neil R.; Heth, C. Donald, Sensation, Carlson, Neil R.; Heth, C. Donald (编), Psychology: the science of behaviour 4th, Toronto, Canada: Pearson: 140–41, 2009, ISBN 978-0205645244.

[8] Jack David Eller, Culture and Diversity in the United States (2015, ISBN 1317575784), p. 137: "most Western societies, including the United States, traditionally operate with a binary notion of sex/gender"

[9] For example, "transvestites [who do not identify with the dress assigned to their sex] existed in almost all societies." (G. O. MacKenzie, Transgender Nation (1994, ISBN 0879725966), p. 43.) "There are records of males and females crossing over throughout history and in virtually every culture. It is simply a naturally occurring part of all societies." (Charles Zastrow, Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare: Empowering People (2013, ISBN 128554580X), p. 234, quoting the North Alabama Gender Center.)

[bukatko-10] Bukatko D, Daehler MW. Child Development: A Thematic Approach. Houghton Mifflin. 2004: 495. ISBN 978-0-618-33338-7 （英语）.

[IntBehavSciMed2-11] Hine FR, Carson RC, Maddox GL, Thompson Jr RJ, Williams RB. Introduction to Behavioral Science in Medicine. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012: 106 [8 January 2020]. ISBN 978-1-4612-5452-2. （原始内容存档于1 July 2020）（英语）.

[endocrine-society-position-12] Transgender Health. www.endocrine.org. December 16, 2020 [2022-10-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-10）（英语）.

[Boles101102-13] Boles, 2013. Pages 101-102.

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性別認同 转为简体

性別認同