中歐會戰 

中歐會戰
第二次世界大戰西方戰線的一部分
United States Army soldiers supported by a tank move through a smoke filled street in Wernberg, Germany during April 1945
1945年4月期間,美軍士兵在一輛M4雪曼戰車的支援下衝進位於德國韋恩貝格一條滿布濃煙的街道。
日期1945年3月22日—1945年5月11日
地点
德國本土西部及南部、奧地利、捷克斯洛伐克
结果

盟軍決定性勝利

  • 德意志第三帝國覆滅
  • 第二次世界大戰歐洲戰場結束
参战方
 美國
 英国
法國 法國
 加拿大自治領
 波蘭

匈牙利  投降
指挥官与领导者
美國 德懷特·艾森豪
英国 伯納德·蒙哥馬利
美國 奥马尔·布拉德利
美國 雅各布·L·德弗斯
納粹德國 阿道夫·希特拉(自殺)
納粹德國 阿爾貝特·凱塞林
納粹德國 瓦爾特·莫德爾 
納粹德國 保羅·豪塞爾
納粹德國 約翰內斯·布拉斯科維茨
伤亡与损失
美國:
62,704人
(包含14,507人死亡或失蹤)[1]
法國:
18,306人[2]
(包含4,967人死亡)
英國:
17,930人[3]
(包含4,878人死亡或失蹤)[3]
加拿大:
6,490人
(包含1,747死亡或失蹤)[4]
其他盟軍:
715人[3]
(包含207人死亡或失蹤)

1945年1月-5月:
265,000-400,000人
(所有防線)[5]
200,000人被俘
(1月-3月)
4,400,000人投降
(4月-6月)[6]

中歐會戰(英語:Central Europe Campaign)是第二次世界大戰盟軍為在中歐地區擊退德軍及攻入納粹德國本土所發動的一連串軍事行動,時間是自1945年3月22日到5月11日東線蘇軍攻佔德國首都柏林為止,盟軍統稱取名為“中歐會戰”。

在1945年春天歐洲戰場局面轉為對盟軍有利,德軍在突出部之役中受創。阿登攻勢是德軍在西線最後一次最大反攻作戰,但卻以失敗告終並消耗德軍剩餘戰力,殘存的德軍撤退至萊茵河東岸堤防防守。到3月中旬盟軍推進至萊茵河,美軍第1集團軍成功攻佔雷瑪根魯登道夫大橋,並在此橋東岸建立小面積橋頭堡。

東線方面全面反攻的蘇聯紅軍已經佔領波蘭大部份地區,而德軍已全線崩潰,因此蘇軍有如潮水般擁入匈牙利及捷克東境,並攻入德國本土東面暫時抵逹「奧德河-尼斯河線」。蘇軍在東線的快速推進,消滅了德軍不少兵力,導致防衛萊茵河區的德軍明顯兵力缺乏。而西方盟軍已經完成了他們的準備工作,準備隨時攻入德國總司令部,盟軍似乎勝利在望。

  1. ^ Dept of the Army 1953,第92頁.
  2. ^ Grandes Unités Françaises, Vol. V-III, p. 801
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Notes on the Operations of 21st Army Group页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) p. 55, Retrieved 5/14/2021
  4. ^ Stacey & Bond 1960,第611頁.
  5. ^ * US General George Marshall estimated about 263,000 German battle deaths on the Western Front for the period from 6 June 1944 to 8 May 1945, or a longer period (George C Marshall, Biennial reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War : 1 July 1939-30 June 1945. Washington, DC : Center of Military History, 1996. Page 202页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)).
    • West German military historian Burkhart Müller-Hillebrand (Das Heer 1933–1945 Vol 3. Page 262) estimated 265,000 dead from all causes and 1,012,000 missing and prisoners of war on all German battlefronts from 1 Jan 1945 – 30 April 1945. No breakdown of these figures between the various battlefronts was provided.
    • US Army historian Charles B. MacDonald (The European Theater of Operations: The Last Offensive, Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington D.C., 1993, page 478) holds that "exclusive of prisoners of war, all German casualties in the west from D-day to V–E Day probably equaled or slightly exceeded Allied losses". In the related footnote he writes the following: "The only specific figures available are from OB WEST for the period 2 June 1941–10 April 1945 as follows: Dead, 80,819; wounded, 265,526; missing, 490,624; total, 836,969. (Of the total, 4,548 casualties were incurred prior to D-day.) See Rpts, Der Heeresarzt im Oberkommando des Heeres Gen St d H/Gen Qu, Az.: 1335 c/d (IIb) Nr.: H.A./263/45 g. Kdos. of 14 Apr 45 and 1335 c/d (Ilb) (no date, but before 1945). The former is in OCMH X 313, a photostat of a document contained in German armament folder H 17/207; the latter in folder 0KW/1561 (OKW Wehrmacht Verluste). These figures are for the field army only, and do not include the Luftwaffe and Waffen-SS. Since the Germans seldom remained in control of the battlefield in a position to verify the status of those missing, a considerable percentage of the missing probably were killed. Time lag in reporting probably precludes these figures' reflecting the heavy losses during the Allied drive to the Rhine in March, and the cut-off date precludes inclusion of the losses in the Ruhr Pocket and in other stages of the fight in central Germany."
    • German military historian Rüdiger Overmans (Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Oldenbourg 2000, pp.265–272) maintains, based on extrapolations from a statistical sample of the German military personnel records.(see German casualties in World War II), that the German armed forces suffered 1,230,045 deaths in the "Final Battles" on the Eastern and Western fronts from January to May 1945. This figure is broken down as follows (p. 272): 401,660 killed, 131,066 dead from other causes, 697,319 missing and presumed dead. According to Overmans the figures are calculated at "todeszeitpunkt" the point of death, which means the losses occurred between January to May 1945. The number of POW deaths in Western captivity calculated by Overmans, based on the actual reported cases is 76,000 (p. 286). Between 1962 and 1974 by a German government commission, the Maschke Commission put the figure at 31,300 in western captivity.(p. 286) Overmans maintains (pp. 275, 279) that all 1,230,045 deaths occurred during the period from January to May 1945. He states that there is not sufficient data to give an exact breakout of the 1.2 million dead in the final battles (p.174). He did however make a rough estimate of the allocation for total war losses of 5.3 million; 4 million (75%) on the Eastern front, 1 million (20%) in the West and 500,000 (10%) in other theaters. Up until Dec. 1944 losses in the West were 340,000, this indicates losses could be 400,000 to 600,000 deaths in the Western theater from January to May 1945 (p.265). Overmans does not consider the high losses in early 1945 surprising in view of the bitter fighting, he notes that there were many deaths in the Ruhr pocket (p.240) According to Overmans the total dead including POW deaths, in all theaters from Jan–May 1945 was 1,407,000 (January-452,000; February-295,000; March-284,000; April-282,000; May-94,000) No breakout by theater for these losses is provided.(p.239)
  6. ^ Rüdiger Overmans, Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegs-gefangene des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Ullstein Taschenbuchvlg., 2002. p.273 During the period January to March 1945 the POW's held Western Allies increased by 200,000; During the period April to June 1945 the number increased to 5,440,000. These figures do not include POWs that died or were released during this period. (see Disarmed Enemy Forces).



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