经济学 

經濟學(英語:Economics),為研究商品服務關係的社會科學,包括其中所有的購買生產、分配和消費等行為[1][2]

普通經濟學側重於研究經濟主體和客體之間的實力變化,並在經濟繁榮或衰退時總結出歷史規律,找到最優解。個體經濟學會分析何者才是經濟中對人類有利的要素,如市場機能財產權貸款欠債及其間的交互作用;個體經濟以家庭公司買家賣家為基本單位。總體經濟學則會分析國家範圍的銀行儲蓄股票投資之間的交互作用,以及勞動力資本土地資源通貨膨脹的利用,以便做出對國家有利的公共政策。

經濟學中還包括實證經濟學規範經濟學,實證經濟學重點描述“是什麼、不是什麼”,而規範經濟學提倡“該做什麼、不該做什麼”[3];以及包括經濟理論應用經濟學間、理性經濟學行為經濟學間、以及主流經濟學異端經濟學間的關係[4]

經濟分析可以應用於整個社會,包括商業[5]金融網絡安全[6]醫療保健[7]工程[8]政府[9]。它也適用於犯罪[10]教育[11]家庭[12]女性主義[13]法律[14]哲學[15]政治宗教[16]社會制度戰爭[17]科學[18]環境[19]

  1. ^ Krugman, Paul; Wells, Robin. Economics 3rd. Worth Publishers. 2012: 2. ISBN 978-1464128738. 
  2. ^ Backhouse, Roger. The Penguin history of economics. London. 2002 [2023-01-13]. ISBN 0-14-026042-0. OCLC 59475581. (原始内容存档于2022-07-30). The boundaries of what constitutes economics are further blurred by the fact that economic issues are analysed not only by 'economists' but also by historians, geographers, ecologists, management scientists, and engineers. 
  3. ^ Friedman, Milton. The Methodology of Positive Economics. Essays in Positive Economics. University of Chicago Press. 1953: 5. 
  4. ^ Caplin, Andrew; Schotter, Andrew (编). The Foundations of Positive and Normative Economics: A Handbook. Oxford University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-532831-8. 
  5. ^ Dielman, Terry E. Applied regression analysis for business and economics. Duxbury/Thomson Learning. 2001. ISBN 0-534-37955-9. OCLC 44118027. 
  6. ^ Kianpour, Mazaher; Kowalski, Stewart; Øverby, Harald. Systematically Understanding Cybersecurity Economics: A Survey. Sustainability. 2021, 13 [2023-01-13]. doi:10.3390/su132413677. (原始内容存档于2023-05-28). 
  7. ^ Tarricone, Rosanna. Cost-of-illness analysis. Health Policy. 2006, 77 (1): 51–63. PMID 16139925. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.07.016 (英语). 
  8. ^ Dharmaraj, E. Engineering Economics. Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House. 2010. ISBN 9789350432471. OCLC 1058341272. 
  9. ^ King, David. Fiscal Tiers: the economics of multi-level government. Routledge. 2018. ISBN 978-1-138-64813-5. OCLC 1020440881. 
  10. ^ Becker, Gary S. Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach (PDF). Becker, Gary S.; Landes, William M. (编). Essays in the Economics of Crime and Punishment. National Bureau of Economic Research. January 1974: 1–54 [2022-07-01]. ISBN 0-87014-263-1. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于13 September 2021). 
  11. ^ Hanushek, Eric A.; Woessmannr, Ludger. Economics of Education. The World Bank. 2007 [17 December 2020]. (原始内容存档于6 January 2022). 
  12. ^ Becker, Gary S. A Treatise on the Family Enlarged. Harvard University Press. 1991 [2022-07-01]. ISBN 0-674-90698-5. (原始内容存档于30 July 2022).  已忽略未知参数|orig-date= (帮助)
  13. ^ Nelson, Julie A. Feminism and Economics. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1995, 9 (2): 131–148 [2022-07-01]. doi:10.1257/jep.9.2.131. (原始内容存档于7 April 2022).  Ferber, Marianne A.; Nelson, Julie A. (编). Feminist Economics Today: Beyond Economic Man. University of Chicago Press. October 2003 [2022-07-01]. ISBN 9780226242071. (原始内容存档于30 July 2022).  已忽略未知参数|orig-date= (帮助)
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  16. ^ Iannaccone, Laurence R. Introduction to the Economics of Religion (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. September 1998, 36 (3): 1465–1495 [2022-07-01]. JSTOR 2564806. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于9 February 2020). 
  17. ^ Nordhaus WD. The Economic Consequences of a War with Iraq (PDF). Kaysen C, Miller SE, Malin MB, Nordhaus WD, Steinbruner JD (编). War with Iraq: Costs, Consequences, and Alternatives. Cambridge, Massachusetts: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 2002: 51–85 [21 October 2007]. ISBN 978-0-87724-036-5. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2 February 2007). 
  18. ^ Diamond, Arthur M. Jr. Science, economics of. Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (编). The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 2: 328–334. 2008. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1491. (原始内容存档于2017-09-29).  (Note the page is broken in some browsers but is still readable through the source.)
  19. ^ Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication (PDF) (报告). United Nations Environment Programme. 2011 [2022-07-01]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于26 March 2017). 



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