自由意志主義 

自由意志主義(英語:libertarianism),又常譯為自由人主義放任自由主義自由意志論自由至上主義自由至上論,是一套把自由奉為核心原則的政治理念運動[1],主張把人的政治自由自主權最大化,並强调选择自由英语Freedom of choice自由結社個人判斷的重要性[2]。儘管大多自由意志主義者會對政治權威英语Political authority國家公權力持懷疑態度,但他们對於該反對哪些既有经济及政治制度存有內部分歧。各個自由意志主義學派對於公權力及私權力的合法職能存有不同看法,不過他們往往會要求限制或廢除具有强制性的社会制度。現時已有区分各個自由意志主義學派的大致分类[3][4],一般以特定思想對於財產和資本的看法,來把其於左-右(或社会主义-资本主义)連續體當中分類[5]

自由意志主義原本源自于左派思想內的部分分支,比如像無政府主義者般的反权威反國家社會主義者[6],尤其是社會無政府主義者[7],但其思想起源可廣至自由意志共產主義者/馬克思主義者,以及自由意志社會主義者[8][9]。上述學派認為資本主義理應廢除,生產資料亦應公有化。此外亦有學派會針對用益物权,認為應該實行土地共同制或合作所有制,並视私有财产为自由的障碍[10][11][12][13]

左派自由意志主義[14][15][16][17][18]包括無政府主義的各個思想學派、反家長主義者;以經濟平等、喬治自由意志主義、斯坦纳-瓦伦丁学派、市場主導左派自由意志主義為中心的新左派[14][17][19][20] [21]。在20世紀中葉,像無政府資本主義小政府主義自由意志保守主义般的右派自由意志主義理念開始借用自由意志主義一詞,去提倡自由放任資本主義,以及相對較廣的私有財產權,比如提倡把土地、基礎設施和天然資源私有化[22]。後者成為了美國自由意志主義的主導形式[23],其提倡公民自由[24]自然法[25]自由市場資本主義[26][27],並極度反對當代福利國家[28]

  1. ^ Boaz, David. Libertarianism. 2009-01-30 [2017-02-21]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-04). [L]ibertarianism, political philosophy that takes individual liberty to be the primary political value.  |encyclopedia=被忽略 (帮助)
  2. ^ Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Peterborough: Broadview Press. 2004: 16 [1962]. ISBN 9781551116297. [F]or the very nature of the libertarian attitude—its rejection of dogma, its deliberate avoidance of rigidly systematic theory, and, above all, its stress on extreme freedom of choice and on the primacy of the individual judgement 原文如此. 
  3. ^ Long, Joseph. W (1996). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class". Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 310. "When I speak of 'libertarianism' [...] I mean all three of these very different movements. It might be protested that LibCap [libertarian capitalism], LibSoc [libertarian socialism] and LibPop [libertarian populism] are too different from one another to be treated as aspects of a single point of view. But they do share a common—or at least an overlapping—intellectual ancestry."
  4. ^ Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. p. 1006页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). ISBN 1412988764. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars."
  5. ^ Francis, Mark. Human Rights and Libertarians. Australian Journal of Politics & History. 1983, 29 (3): 462–472. ISSN 0004-9522. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x. 
  6. ^ "The Rise of Social Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. (2012). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 223页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). "In the meantime, anarchist theories of a more communist or collectivist character had been developing as well. One important pioneer is French anarcho-communists Joseph Déjacque (1821–1864), who [...] appears to have been the first thinker to adopt the term "libertarian" for this position; hence "libertarianism" initially denoted a communist rather than a free-market ideology."
  7. ^ "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. (2012). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). "In its oldest sense, it is a synonym either for anarchism in general or social anarchism in particular."
  8. ^ Rothbard, Murray. The Betrayal of the American Right (PDF). Mises Institute. 2009: 83 [2007] [2020-06-12]. ISBN 978-1610165013. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-12-21). One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that, for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over. 
  9. ^ Marshall, Peter (2009). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. p. 641页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). "For a long time, libertarian was interchangeable in France with anarchism but in recent years, its meaning has become more ambivalent. Some anarchists like Daniel Guérin will call themselves 'libertarian socialists', partly to avoid the negative overtones still associated with anarchism, and partly to stress the place of anarchism within the socialist tradition. Even Marxists of the New Left like E. P. Thompson call themselves 'libertarian' to distinguish themselves from those authoritarian socialists and communists who believe in revolutionary dictatorship and vanguard parties."
  10. ^ Kropotkin, Peter. Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings. Courier Dover Publications. 1927: 150. ISBN 9780486119861. It attacks not only capital, but also the main sources of the power of capitalism: law, authority, and the State. 
  11. ^ Otero, Carlos Peregrin. Introduction to Chomsky's Social Theory. Otero, Carlos Peregrin (编). Radical Priorities. Chomsky, Noam Chomsky 3rd. Oakland, California: AK Press. 2003: 26. ISBN 1-902593-69-3. 
  12. ^ Chomsky, Noam. Carlos Peregrin Otero , 编. Radical Priorities 3rd. Oakland, California: AK Press. 2003: 227–228. ISBN 1-902593-69-3. 
  13. ^ Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilbur R. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 1006页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). "[S]ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few (whether politically or economically) as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism".
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Kymlicka, Will (2005). "libertarianism, left-". In Honderich, Ted. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 516. ISBN 978-0199264797. "'Left-libertarianism' is a new term for an old conception of justice, dating back to Grotius. It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership over his person with the egalitarian premiss that natural resources should be shared equally. Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land. According to left-libertarians, however, the world's natural resources were initially unowned, or belonged equally to all, and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others. Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property. Historic proponents of this view include Thomas Paine, Herbert Spencer, and Henry George. Recent exponents include Philippe Van Parijs and Hillel Steiner."
  15. ^ Goodway, David (2006). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). ISBN 1846310253. ISBN 978-1846310256. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition".
  16. ^ Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 641页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). "Left libertarianism can therefore range from the decentralist who wishes to limit and devolve State power, to the syndicalist who wants to abolish it altogether. It can even encompass the Fabians and the social democrats who wish to socialize the economy but who still see a limited role for the State".
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Spitz, Jean-Fabien. Left-wing libertarianism: equality based on self-ownership. Cairn-int.info. March 2006 [2018-03-11]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-23). 
  18. ^ Newman, Saul (2010). The Politics of Postanarchism, Edinburgh University Press. p. 43页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). ISBN 0748634959. ISBN 978-0748634958. "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in a laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only a narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all".
  19. ^ "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. (2012). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227. "The term 'left-libertarianism' has at least three meanings. In its oldest sense, it is a synonym either for anarchism in general or social anarchism in particular. Later it became a term for the left or Konkinite wing of the free-market libertarian movement, and has since come to cover a range of pro-market but anti-capitalist positions, mostly individualist anarchist, including agorism and mutualism, often with an implication of sympathies (such as for radical feminism or the labor movement) not usually shared by anarcho-capitalists. In a third sense it has recently come to be applied to a position combining individual self-ownership with an egalitarian approach to natural resources; most proponents of this position are not anarchists."
  20. ^ Vallentyne, Peter. Libertarianism. Zalta, Edward N. (编). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Spring 2009. Stanford, California: Stanford University. March 2009 [2010-03-05]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-06). Libertarianism is committed to full self-ownership. A distinction can be made, however, between right-libertarianism and left-libertarianism, depending on the stance taken on how natural resources can be owned. 
  21. ^ Carson, Kevin (15 June 2014). "What is Left-Libertarianism?"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  22. ^ Hussain, Syed B. Encyclopedia of Capitalism, Volume 2. New York: Facts on File Inc. 2004: 492 [2020-06-12]. ISBN 0816052247. (原始内容存档于2020-09-30). In the modern world, political ideologies are largely defined by their attitude towards capitalism. Marxists want to overthrow it, liberals to curtail it extensively, conservatives to curtail it moderately. Those who maintain that capitalism is an excellent economic system, unfairly maligned, with little or no need for corrective government policy, are generally known as libertarians. 
  23. ^ 引证错误:没有为名为Carlson的参考文献提供内容
  24. ^ Rothbard, Murray (1 March 1971). "The Left and Right Within Libertarianism"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). WIN: Peace and Freedom Through Nonviolent Action. 7 (4): 6–10. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  25. ^ Miller, Fred. Natural Law. 2008-08-15 [2019-07-31]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-26).  |encyclopedia=被忽略 (帮助)
  26. ^ Boaz, David. Key Concepts of Libertarianism. Cato Institute. 2019-04-12 [2019-12-20]. (原始内容存档于2012-04-03). 
  27. ^ What Is Libertarian. Institute for Humane Studies. [2019-12-20]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-01). 
  28. ^ Baradat, Leon P. Political Ideologies. Routledge. 2015: 31. ISBN 978-1317345558. 



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