个人主义 

個人主義(英語:Individualism)是強調個人內在價值道德立場、政治哲學意識形態和社會(價值)觀。[1][2] 個人主義提倡個人(生涯)目標和願望的實現,重視(個人思想與行動的)獨立和自力更生[3],主張個人利益優先於國家或社會群體[3],反對社會或政府等機構對個人利益的外部性干涉。[3] 個人主義的定義通常與極權主義集體主義社會形式形成對比。[4][5]

個人主義把個人放置在其關注焦點[1],並開展於如此前提「在解放的奮鬥中,人類個體被置於最重要的位置」。[6] 無政府主義存在主義自由主義自由意志主義是將人類個體作為分析中心單元的思想運動的例子。[6] 個人主義涉及“個人享有自由自我實現權利”。[7]

個人主義也與藝術式或波希米亞主義的群體關注和生活型態有關聯;在這種情況下,人們有發展或形成其個人身份認同自我概念,以及嘗試新想法、方法或活動的行動或過程的傾向。該傾向經常與傳統或大眾流行意見與行為相左[3][8],例如擁有人文主義式的哲學觀點和倫理觀念。[9][10]

一些研究指出,平均而言,個人主義傾向越顯著的國家或地區,收入不平等的程度越低,且就算在控制包括其他文化性價值觀在內的其他的變因後,這種(負向的)關係依舊存在。[11]

個人主義經常被與利己主義相混淆,但事實上個人主義與利己主義不相同。

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 individualism | Definition, History, Philosophy, Examples, & Facts | Britannica. www.britannica.com. [2021-12-25]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-03) (英语). 
  2. ^ Ellen Meiksins Wood. Mind and Politics: An Approach to the Meaning of Liberal and Socialist Individualism. University of California Press. 1972. ISBN 0-520-02029-4. p. 6
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "individualism" on The Free Dictionary. [2009-12-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-17). 
  4. ^ Biddle, Craig. Individualism vs. Collectivism: Our Future, Our Choice. The Objective Standard. 20 February 2012, 7 (1) [2021-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2017-06-12). 
  5. ^ Hayek, F.A. The Road to Serfdom. United States of America: The University of Chicago Press. 1994: 17, 37–48. ISBN 0-226-32061-8. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 L. Susan Brown. The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism, and Anarchism. Black Rose Books Ltd. 1993
  7. ^ Ellen Meiksins Wood. Mind and Politics: An Approach to the Meaning of Liberal and Socialist Individualism. University of California Press. 1972. ISBN 0-520-02029-4 pp. 6–7
  8. ^ Snyderman, George S.; Josephs, William. Bohemia: The Underworld of Art. Social Forces. 1939, 18 (2): 187–199. ISSN 0037-7732. JSTOR 2570771. doi:10.2307/2570771. 
  9. ^ "The leading intellectual trait of the era was the recovery, to a certain degree, of the secular and humane philosophy of Greece and Rome. Another humanist trend which cannot be ignored was the rebirth of individualism, which, developed by Greece and Rome to a remarkable degree, had been suppressed by the rise of a caste system in the later Roman Empire, by the Church and by feudalism in the Middle Ages."The history guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  10. ^ "Anthropocentricity and individualism...Humanism and Italian art were similar in giving paramount attention to human experience, both in its everyday immediacy and in its positive or negative extremes...The human-centredness of Renaissance art, moreover, was not just a generalized endorsement of earthly experience. Like the humanists, Italian artists stressed the autonomy and dignity of the individual.""Humanism" on Encyclopædia Britannica页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  11. ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2020-03-03]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-06). 



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