^ 1.01.1mathematics, n.. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2012 [2012-07-16]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-16) (英语). The science of space, number, quantity, and arrangement, whose methods involve logical reasoning and usually the use of symbolic notation, and which includes geometry, arithmetic, algebra, and analysis.
^Kneebone, G.T. Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: An Introductory Survey. Dover. 1963: 4. ISBN 0-486-41712-3(英语). Mathematics ... is simply the study of abstract structures, or formal patterns of connectedness.
^LaTorre, Donald R., John W. Kenelly, Iris B. Reed, Laurel R. Carpenter, and Cynthia R Harris. Calculus Concepts: An Informal Approach to the Mathematics of Change. Cengage Learning. 2011: 2. ISBN 1-4390-4957-2(英语). Calculus is the study of change—how things change, and how quickly they change.
^Ramana. Applied Mathematics. Tata McGraw–Hill Education. 2007: 2.10. ISBN 0-07-066753-5(英语). The mathematical study of change, motion, growth or decay is calculus.