跨性別 

跨性别旗

跨性別(英語:Transgender)人士的性別認同與他們出生時指定性別不同。[1][2][3]如果跨性別人士以醫學手段從一種性別轉換到另一種性別,則有時會認同自己為變性人[4][5]「跨性別」是一個傘式術語:除了包括性別認同與出生時的指定性別相反的人(跨性別男性跨性別女性),它還可能包括不完全歸屬於傳統上的男性氣質女性氣質的人(性別酷兒非二元性別人士,包括双性别、泛性别、流體性別、無性別)。[2][6][7]其他跨性別的定义也包括属于第三性别的人,或者将跨性別概念化为第三性别。[8][9]跨性別的定義可廣泛至包含變裝人士。[10]

一名跨性別者的身份與其自身的性傾向無關。[11]跨性別者可能会认为自己是异性恋者、同性恋者、双性恋者、无性恋者,也可能拒绝给自己的性取向贴上标签。「跨性別」一詞也與雙性人有所不同,雙性人描述的是天生具有「不符合男性或女性身體的典型二元概念」的生理性别特征的人。[12]跨性別的相反詞則是為順性別,其指的是的性別認同或性別表現與其出生時的指定性別一致。[13]

個人對於外表的感覺良好和舒適而且接受其性別認同的情況則稱為「跨性別一致」(transgender congruence)。[14]許多跨性別者經歷性別不安,有些人寻求治疗,如性别肯定激素治疗(GAHT)、性別重置手術(SRS)以及心理治療(但需注意的是,心理治療可能無法改變跨性別人士的性別認同)。[15]不是所有跨性別者皆渴望接受這些治療,也有些則因為經濟或醫学方面的原因而無法接受之。[15][16]

大多數跨性別人士在工作[17]及公共場所[18]和在醫療機構求診時[19]遭他人歧視。許多地方的法律没有阻止此一情況發生的條文。[20]

  1. ^ Altilio, Terry; Otis-Green, Shirley. Oxford Textbook of Palliative Social Work. Oxford University Press. 2011: 380 [April 12, 2016]. ISBN 978-0199838271. (原始内容存档于2016-12-01). Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from the sex they were assigned at birth (Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation [GLAAD], 2007). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Forsyth, Craig J.; Copes, Heith. Encyclopedia of Social Deviance. Sage Publications. 2014: 740 [April 12, 2016]. ISBN 978-1483364698. (原始内容存档于2016-12-01). Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identities, gender expressions, and/or behaviors are different from those culturally associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth. 
  3. ^ Berg-Weger, Marla. Social Work and Social Welfare: An Invitation. Routledge. 2016: 229 [April 12, 2016]. ISBN 978-1317592020. (原始内容存档于2016-12-01). Transgender: An umbrella term that describes people whose gender identity or gender expression differs from expectations associated with the sex assigned to them at birth. 
  4. ^ Thomas E. Bevan, The Psychobiology of Transsexualism and Transgenderism (2014, ISBN 1-4408-3127-0), page 42: "The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell (1949) and popularized by Harry Benjamin (1966) [...]. The term transgender was coined by John Oliven (1965) and popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism. It is sometimes said that Virginia Prince (1976) popularized the term, but history shows that many transgender people advocated the use of this term much more than Prince."
  5. ^ R Polly, J Nicole, Understanding the transsexual patient: culturally sensitive care in emergency nursing practice, in the Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal (2011): "The use of terminology by transsexual individuals to self-identify varies. As aforementioned, many transsexual individuals prefer the term transgender, or simply trans, as it is more inclusive and carries fewer stigmas. There are some transsexual individuals [,] however, who reject the term transgender; these individuals view transsexualism as a treatable congenital condition. Following medical and/or surgical transition, they live within the binary as either a man or a woman and may not disclose their transition history."
  6. ^ Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "GLAAD Media Reference Guide – Transgender glossary of terms"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), "GLAAD", USA, May 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-24. "An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth."
  7. ^ Bilodeau, Brent. Beyond the Gender Binary: A Case Study of Two Transgender Students at a Midwestern Research University. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education. 2005, 3 (1): 29–44. S2CID 144070536. doi:10.1300/J367v03n01_05.  "Yet Jordan and Nick represent a segment of transgender communities that have largely been overlooked in transgender and student development research – individuals who express a non-binary construction of gender[.]"
  8. ^ Susan Stryker, Stephen Whittle, The Transgender Studies Reader (ISBN 1-135-39884-4), page 666: "The authors note that, increasingly, in social science literature, the term "third gender" is being replaced by or conflated with the newer term "transgender."
  9. ^ Joan C. Chrisler, Donald R. McCreary, Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology, volume 1 (2010, ISBN 1-4419-1465-X), page 486: "Transgender is a broad term characterized by a challenge of traditional gender roles and gender identity[. ...] For example, some cultures classify transgender individuals as a third gender, thereby treating this phenomenon as normative."
  10. ^ Reisner, Sari L; Conron, Kerith; Scout, Nfn; Mimiaga, Matthew J; Haneuse, Sebastien; Austin, S. Bryn. Comparing In-Person and Online Survey Respondents in the U.S. National Transgender Discrimination Survey: Implications for Transgender Health Research. LGBT Health. 2014, 1 (2): 98–106. PMID 26789619. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2013.0018. Transgender was defined broadly to cover those who transition from one gender to another as well as those who may not choose to socially, medically, or legally fully transition, including cross-dressers, people who consider themselves to be genderqueer, androgynous, and… 
  11. ^ Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality. American Psychological Association. [August 10, 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-08-08). 
  12. ^ Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex (PDF). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2015 [March 28, 2016]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04). 
  13. ^ Definition of CISGENDER. www.merriam-webster.com. [2019-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-26) (英语). 
  14. ^ Kozee, H. B.; Tylka, T. L.; Bauerband, L. A. Measuring transgender individuals' comfort with gender identity and appearance: Development and validation of the Transgender Congruence Scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2012, 36 (2): 179–196 [2020-02-23]. S2CID 10564167. doi:10.1177/0361684312442161. (原始内容存档于2021-03-05). 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Victoria Maizes, Integrative Women's Health (2015, ISBN 0190214805), page 745: "Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria—distress that results from the discordance of biological sex and experienced gender (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Treatment for gender dysphoria, considered to be highly effective, includes physical, medical, and/or surgical treatments [...] some [transgender people] may not choose to transition at all."
  16. ^ Understanding Transgender People FAQ. National Center for Transgender Equality. 1 May 2009 [20 April 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-22). 
  17. ^ Lombardi, Emilia L.; Anne Wilchins, Riki; Priesing, Dana; Malouf, Diana. Gender Violence: Transgender Experiences with Violence and Discrimination. Journal of Homosexuality. October 2008, 42 (1): 89–101. PMID 11991568. S2CID 34886642. doi:10.1300/J082v42n01_05. 
  18. ^ Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "Groundbreaking Report Reflects Persistent Discrimination Against Transgender Community"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), GLAAD, USA, February 4, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
  19. ^ Bradford, Judith; Reisner, Sari L.; Honnold, Julie A.; Xavier, Jessica. Experiences of Transgender-Related Discrimination and Implications for Health: Results From the Virginia Transgender Health Initiative Study. American Journal of Public Health. 2013, 103 (10): 1820–1829. PMC 3780721可免费查阅. PMID 23153142. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300796. 
  20. ^ Whittle, Stephen. "Respect and Equality: Transsexual and Transgender Rights." Routledge-Cavendish, 2002.



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