时间 

沙漏中的沙子流量可以用來衡量時間的流逝。 它也具體地代表了現在在過去和未來之間。

時間(time)是一种尺度,在物理定义标量,藉著时间,事件发生之先后可以按过去-现在-未来之序列得以确定(时间点/時刻,point in time/instant),也可以衡量事件持續的期間以及事件之間和间隔长短(时间段,duration)[1][2]

閔考斯基時空中,時間是除了空間三個維度以外的第四維度[3]。長久以來,時間一直是宗教哲學科學領域研究主題之一,但學者們尚且無法為時間找到一個可以適用於各領域、具有一致性且又不循環的定義[4]。在商業工業體育科學表演藝術等領域都有一些各自來標示度量時間的方法[5][6][7]。一些簡單,爭議較小的定義包括「時間是時鐘量測的物理量。」[8][9]及「時間使得所有事情不會同時發生。」[10][11][12][13]時間在國際單位製中的基本單位是,1967年起採用的定義為「銫-133原子基態下的兩個超精細能級之間躍遷所對應的輻射的9192631770個周期的時間。」

哲學家對於時間有兩派不同的觀點:一派認為時間是宇宙的基本結構,是一個會依序列方式出現的維度,像艾萨克·牛顿就對時間有這樣的觀點。包括戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨伊曼努爾·康德在內的另一派認為時間不是任何一種已經存在的維度,也不是任何會「流動」的實存物,時間只是一種心智概念,配合空間可以讓人類對事件進行排序比較。換句話說,時間不過是人為便於思考宇宙,而對物質運動劃分,是一種人定規則

  1. ^ Oxford Dictionaries:Time. Oxford University Press. 2011 [18 December 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-04). the indefinite continued of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole 
  2. ^ Webster's New World College Dictionary. 2010 [9 April 2011]. (原始内容存档于2011-08-05). 1.indefinite, unlimited duration in which things are considered as happening in the past, present, or future; every moment there has ever been or ever will be… a system of measuring duration 2.the period between two events or during which something exists, happens, or acts; measured or measurable interval 
  3. ^ "Newton did for time what the Greek geometers did for space, idealized it into an exactly measurable dimension." About Time: Einstein's Unfinished Revolution, Paul Davies, p. 31, Simon & Schuster, 1996, ISBN 978-0-684-81822-1
  4. ^ Sean M Carroll. From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time. Dutton. 2009. ISBN 978-0-525-95133-9. 
  5. ^ Official Baseball Rules, 2011 Edition. Rules 8.03 and 8.04 (Free PDF download). Major League Baseball. 2011 [7 July 2012]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-07-01). Rule 8.03 Such preparatory pitches shall not consume more than one minute of time...Rule 8.04 When the bases are unoccupied, the pitcher shall deliver the ball to the batter within 12 seconds...The 12-second timing starts when the pitcher is in possession of the ball and the batter is in the box, alert to the pitcher. The timing stops when the pitcher releases the ball 
  6. ^ Guinness Book of Baseball World Records. Guinness World Records, Ltd. [7 July 2012]. (原始内容存档于2012-06-06). The record for the fastest time for circling the bases is 13.3 seconds, set by Evar Swanson at Columbus, Ohio in 1932...The greatest reliably recorded speed at which a baseball has been pitched is 100.9 mph by Lynn Nolan Ryan (California Angels) at Anaheim Stadium in California on 20 August 1974. 
  7. ^ Zeigler, Kenneth. Getting organized at work : 24 lessons to set goals, establish priorities, and manage your time. McGraw-Hill. 2008. ISBN 9780071591386.  108 pages
  8. ^ 引证错误:没有为名为DefRefs01的参考文献提供内容
  9. ^ 引证错误:没有为名为Burnham的参考文献提供内容
  10. ^ Cummings, Raymond King. The Girl in the Golden Atom. U of Nebraska Press. 1922: 46 [9 April 2011]. ISBN 978-0-8032-6457-1.  Chapter 5. Cummings repeated this sentence in several of his novellas. Sources, such as this one页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), attribute it to his earlier work, The Time Professor, in 1921. Before taking book form, several of Cummings's stories appeared serialized in magazines. The first eight chapters of his The Girl in the Golden Atom appeared页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) in All-Story Magazine on 15 March 1919. In the novel version页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) the quote about time appears in Chapter V页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  11. ^ International, Rotary. The Rotarian. Published by Rotary International: 47. Aug 1973 [9 April 2011]. ISSN 0035-838X. , What does a man possess? page 47页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  12. ^ Daintith, John. Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists third. CRC Press. 2008: 796 [9 April 2011]. ISBN 1-4200-7271-4. , Page 796, quoting Wheeler from the American Journal of Physics, 1978页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  13. ^ Davies, Davies. About time: Einstein's unfinished revolution. Simon & Schuster. 1995: 236 [9 April 2011]. ISBN 0-671-79964-9. 



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