叶酸 

叶酸
Skeletal formula
Folic acid as a yellow-orange crystalline powder
臨床資料
读音foe' lik
其他名稱FA, N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, vitamin B9,[1] vitamin Bc,[2] vitamin M,[3] folacin, pteroyl-L-glutamate
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682591
给药途径By mouth, IM, IV, sub-Q
ATC碼
法律規範狀態
法律規範
藥物動力學數據
生物利用度50–100%[4]
药物代谢肝臟[4]
排泄途徑腎臟[4]
识别信息
  • (2S)-2-[[4-[(2-Amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid[5]
CAS号59-30-3  checkY
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.000.381 編輯維基數據鏈接
化学信息
化学式C19H19N7O6
摩尔质量441.40 g·mol−1
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
熔点250 °C(482 °F) (分解)
水溶性1.6 mg/L (25 °C) mg/mL (20 °C)
  • n1c2C(=O)NC(N)=Nc2ncc1CNc3ccc(cc3)C(=O)N[C@H](C(O)=O)CCC(O)=O
  • InChI=1S/C19H19N7O6/c20-19-25-15-14(17(30)26-19)23-11(8-22-15)7-21-10-3-1-9(2-4-10)16(29)24-12(18(31)32)5-6-13(27)28/h1-4,8,12,21H,5-7H2,(H,24,29)(H,27,28)(H,31,32)(H3,20,22,25,26,30)/t12-/m0/s1
  • Key:OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N

叶酸(Folate、folic acid)也稱為维生素B9维生素M维生素Bc蝶酰谷氨酸,屬於維生素B的一種[4]。葉酸可用於治療由葉酸缺乏症引起的貧血[4]。葉酸也是孕婦的營養補充品[4][6]。在新生兒的神經管缺損英语Neural tube defect病例中,有超過一半被認為肇因懷孕初期葉酸攝取不足所致[7]。有超過50個國家利用加入葉酸的營養強化食品來減少神經管缺損的比例[8][9]。長期補充葉酸和中風心血管疾病風險的小幅下降有關[10]。葉酸可以口服,也可以用注射的方式補充[4]

正常劑量下的葉酸不會造成副作用[4],但還不確定長期的高劑量攝取是否有需要關注的問題[4]。不過已知高劑量的葉酸攝取會讓维生素B12缺乏症的問題較不易被檢查到[7]。人體在製造DNARNA,以及製造细胞分裂需要的胺基酸代謝時,都必須用到葉酸[7]。因為人體無法自行製造葉酸,因此葉酸屬於人體必需的维生素[11]

葉酸攝取不足會造成葉酸缺乏症[7],會導致巨母紅血球性貧血英语Megaloblastic anemia[7],症狀包括疲勞心悸呼吸困难、舌頭上的瘡,以及皮膚或髮色的變化[7],兒童若膳食攝入不足,一個月後會出現葉酸缺乏症[12]。成人體內正常的葉酸總量在10,000–30,000µg,而血液中的濃度則為7 nmol/L(3 ng/mL)[7]

葉酸是在1931年至1943年之間發現的[13],由米切尔(H.K.Mitchell,1941)及其同事[14]首次从菠菜叶中提取纯化出来,命名为叶酸[15]。葉酸列在世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單中,是基礎公衛體系英语health system中所需,最有效及安全的藥物[16]。2014年在開發中國家,每一劑的葉酸膳食補充品價格在0.001至0.005美金之間[17]。葉酸的英文folic源自拉丁文的folium,意思就是葉子[18]。在許多的食物中都含有葉酸,特別是深綠色的葉菜類以及[7]

  1. ^ Fenech, Michael. Folate (vitamin B9) and vitamin B12 and their function in the maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial genome integrity. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. May 2012, 733 (1–2): 21–33. PMID 22093367. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.11.003. 
  2. ^ Definition of vitamin Bc. Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. [9 September 2012]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-15). 
  3. ^ Darby, William J.; Jones, Edgar. Treatment of Sprue with Synthetic L. casei Factor (Folic Acid, Vitamin M).. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1 November 1945, 60 (2): 259–262 [13 December 2014]. doi:10.3181/00379727-60-15154P. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Folic Acid. Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1 January 2010 [1 September 2016]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-08). 
  5. ^ Folic Acid. The PubChem Project. [2017-12-18]. (原始内容存档于2014-04-07). 
  6. ^ Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten; Grossman, David C.; Curry, Susan J.; Davidson, Karina W.; Epling, John W.; García, Francisco A.R.; Kemper, Alex R.; Krist, Alex H.; Kurth, Ann E.; Landefeld, C. Seth; Mangione, Carol M.; Phillips, William R.; Phipps, Maureen G.; Pignone, Michael P.; Silverstein, Michael; Tseng, Chien-Wen. Folic Acid Supplementation for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects. JAMA. 10 January 2017, 317 (2): 183. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.19438. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Dietary supplement fact sheet: Folate. Health Information. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. [2016-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-03). 
  8. ^ Bailey, Lynn B. Folate in Health and Disease, Second Edition. CRC Press. 2009: 198 [2017-12-18]. ISBN 9781420071252. (原始内容存档于2021-01-22) (英语). 
  9. ^ Obeid, R; Herrmann, W. The emerging role of unmetabolized folic acid in human diseases: myth or reality?. Current drug metabolism. October 2012, 13 (8): 1184–95. PMID 22746304. 
  10. ^ Li Y, Huang T, Zheng Y, Muka T, Troup J, Hu FB. Folic Acid Supplementation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016, 5 (8): e003768. PMC 5015297可免费查阅. PMID 27528407. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.003768. 
  11. ^ Pommerville, Glendale Community College Jeffrey C. Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2009: 511 [2017-12-18]. ISBN 9780763787127. (原始内容存档于2021-01-22) (英语). 
  12. ^ Marino, Bradley S.; Fine, Katie Snead. Blueprints Pediatrics. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2009: 131 [2017-12-18]. ISBN 9780781782517. (原始内容存档于2021-01-22) (英语). 
  13. ^ Pond, Wilson G.; Nichols, Buford L.; Brown, Dan L. Adequate Food for All: Culture, Science, and Technology of Food in the 21st Century. CRC Press. 2009: 148. ISBN 9781420077544 (英语). 
  14. ^ Mitchell HK, Snell EE, Williams RJ (1941). "The concentration of "folic acid"". J Am Chem Soc. 63 (8): 2284.[doi:10.1021/ja01853a512]
  15. ^ Hoffbrand AV & Weir DG (2001) The history of folic acid. Br J Haematol 113, 579-589.
  16. ^ WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List) (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015 [8 December 2016]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-12-13). 
  17. ^ Folic Acid. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. [1 September 2016]. [永久失效連結]
  18. ^ Chambers Concise Dictionary. Allied Publishers. 2004: 451 [2017-12-18]. ISBN 979-8186-06236-3. (原始内容存档于2021-01-06) (英语). 



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