无神论

无神论（英語：atheism），在廣義上，是指一種不相信神存在的觀念^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]；在狹義上，無神論是指對相信任何神鬼存在的一種抵制^[6]^[7]。無神論與通常至少相信一種神存在^[8]^[9]^[10]的有神論相对^[8]^[11]^[12]。

对于神（上帝）和灵魂存在，有着各种各样截然不同的概念，导致了无神论的适用性的各种观点。但狹義的无神论否认的事物包括：从神的存在到任何超自然或先验概念的存在，例如印度教、佛教和道教的观念。^[13]也因此部分學者主張，從哲學觀點來研究所謂堅持無神主義的人或是政治組織，本身亦是持一種如信仰一般的理念存在，並在實務上表現出了類似的行為模式。^[14]

^ Draper, Paul, "Atheism and Agnosticism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). [2021-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）. The “a-” in “atheism” must be understood as negation instead of absence, as “not” instead of “without”. Therefore, in philosophy at least, atheism should be construed as the proposition that God does not exist (or, more broadly, the proposition that there are no gods).
^ 威廉·L·羅（William L. Rowe），“无神论”（Atheism），《Routledge哲学百科全书》（Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy），1998年：“无神论的立场是认为神不存在，即明确的不相信，而不是信仰缺失。”注：缺失在汉语中含义是：缺陷;缺点和失误, 有贬低无神论的含义.
^ Simon Blackburn (编). atheism. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 2008. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008 [2013-11-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）. Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.
^
Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）) first list one of the more narrow definitions.
- Runes, Dagobert D.(editor). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. 1942 [2011-04-09]. ISBN 0-06-463461-2. （原始内容存档于2011-05-13）. (a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought – entry by Vergilius Ferm
^ Atheism. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. [2013-11-21]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-11）.
^ Nielsen 2013: "atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. As such, it is usually distinguished from theism, which affirms the reality of the divine and often seeks to demonstrate its existence. Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or unanswerable."
^ Edwards 2005: "On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion."
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Oxford English Dictionary 2nd. 1989. Belief in a deity, or deities, as opposed to atheism
^ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. [2011-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-14）. ...belief in the existence of a god or gods...
^ Smart, J. J. C. Zalta, Edward N. , 编. Atheism and Agnosticism. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition). [2016-05-30]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-02）.
^ Definitions: Atheism. Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama. [2012-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-07）.
^ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. [2011-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-14）. ...belief in the existence of a god or gods...
^ Atheism as rejection of religious beliefs. Encyclopædia Britannica 1 15th: 666. 2011 [April 9, 2011]. 0852294735. （原始内容存档于May 12, 2011）.
^ 「沒有神的宗教」可能嗎？為何說神論者與無神論者的體驗是一致的. 香港01.

[SEP_Atheism-1] Draper, Paul, "Atheism and Agnosticism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). [2021-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）. The “a-” in “atheism” must be understood as negation instead of absence, as “not” instead of “without”. Therefore, in philosophy at least, atheism should be construed as the proposition that God does not exist (or, more broadly, the proposition that there are no gods).

[2] 威廉·L·羅（William L. Rowe），“无神论”（Atheism），《Routledge哲学百科全书》（Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy），1998年：“无神论的立场是认为神不存在，即明确的不相信，而不是信仰缺失。”注：缺失在汉语中含义是：缺陷;缺点和失误, 有贬低无神论的含义.

[oxdicphil-3] Simon Blackburn (编). atheism. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 2008. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008 [2013-11-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-12）. Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.

[religioustolerance-4] Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）) first list one of the more narrow definitions.
Runes, Dagobert D.(editor). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. 1942 [2011-04-09]. ISBN 0-06-463461-2. （原始内容存档于2011-05-13）. (a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought – entry by Vergilius Ferm

[5] Runes, Dagobert D.(editor). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. 1942 [2011-04-09]. ISBN 0-06-463461-2. （原始内容存档于2011-05-13）. (a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought – entry by Vergilius Ferm

[5] Atheism. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. [2013-11-21]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-11）.

[eb2011-atheism-critique-6] Nielsen 2013: "atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. As such, it is usually distinguished from theism, which affirms the reality of the divine and often seeks to demonstrate its existence. Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or unanswerable."

[encyc-philosophy-7] Edwards 2005: "On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion."

[OED-theism-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Oxford English Dictionary 2nd. 1989. Belief in a deity, or deities, as opposed to atheism

[9] Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. [2011-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-14）. ...belief in the existence of a god or gods...

[10] Smart, J. J. C. Zalta, Edward N. , 编. Atheism and Agnosticism. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition). [2016-05-30]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-02）.

[reldef-11] Definitions: Atheism. Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama. [2012-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-07）.

[12] Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. [2011-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-14）. ...belief in the existence of a god or gods...

[eb2011-Rejection-of-all-religious-beliefs-13] Atheism as rejection of religious beliefs. Encyclopædia Britannica 1 15th: 666. 2011 [April 9, 2011]. 0852294735. （原始内容存档于May 12, 2011）.

[14] 「沒有神的宗教」可能嗎？為何說神論者與無神論者的體驗是一致的. 香港01.

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无神论 转为简体

无神论