^ Chisholm, Hugh (编). Tyrant. Encyclopædia Britannica27 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 548. 1911.: "TYRANT (Gr. τύραννος, master, ruler), a term applied in modern times to a ruler of a cruel and oppressive character."
^Compare: Tyrant. Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert – Collaborative Translation Project. 2009-11-06 [1 April 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-17). [...] today by tyrant one understands, not only a usurper of sovereign power, but even a legitimate sovereign who abuses his power in order to violate the law, to oppress his people, and to make his subjects the victims of his passions and unjust desires, which he substitutes for laws.