克什米尔 

政治地图:包括比尔本贾尔岭及克什米尔河谷
帕哈尔加姆谷
南迦帕尔巴特峰,世界第九高峰,位于喜马拉雅山脉西段
喀拉喀什河(墨玉河),自阿克赛钦河源流经昆仑山脉

克什米尔印地語कश्मीर乌尔都语کشمیر‎‎)是介於青藏高原西端與南亚最北端交接的一个地区。19世纪中期之前,“克什米尔”一词仅指代喜马拉雅山脉比尔本贾尔岭之间的河谷地英语Kashmir Valley,而今日則泛指由印度控制的查谟和克什米尔(细分为查谟克什米尔)和拉达克、由巴基斯坦控制的阿扎德克什米尔吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦,以及由中华人民共和国控制的阿克赛钦喀喇昆仑走廊[1][2][3]。1世纪上半叶,克什米尔地区为劍浮沙的重要据点,后发展为佛教中心。9世纪克什米尔湿婆教英语Kashmir Shaivism由此兴起[4]。1339年,沙阿米尔建立斯瓦特王朝,成为克什米尔地区的首位穆斯林统治者[5]。在此后的五个世纪内,穆斯林君主继续控制这一地区,包括蒙兀儿帝国(1586—1751)和阿富汗杜兰尼王朝(1751—1820)[5]。1820年兰季德·辛格统领的锡克帝国吞并了克什米尔[5]。1846年锡克帝国在第一次英锡战争中战败,英国占领这一地区并根据《阿姆利则和约英语Treaty of Amritsar (1846)》将其出售给查谟拉者古拉卜·辛格。古拉卜及其后代在英国主导之下统治英属印度土邦,直至1947年克什米尔成为一主权争议地区。今分别由印度、巴基斯坦和中华人民共和国三方控制[1][2],由印巴之间的控制线中印之间的实际控制线分割。

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent. Encyclopaedia Britannica. [16 July 2016]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-13).  Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a “line of control” agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)."
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Kashmir territories profile. BBC. [16 July 2016]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-24).  Quote: "The Himalayan region of Kashmir has been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan for over six decades. Since India's partition and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the nuclear-armed neighbours have fought three wars over the Muslim-majority territory, which both claim in full but control in part. Today it remains one of the most militarised zones in the world. China administers parts of the territory."
  3. ^ Kashmir profile — timeline. BBC. [16 July 2016]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-27).  Quote: "1950s - China gradually occupies eastern Kashmir (Aksai Chin). 1962 - China defeats India in a short war for control of Aksai Chin. 1963 - Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China."
  4. ^ Basham, A. L. (2005) The wonder that was India, Picador. Pp. 572. ISBN 0-330-43909-X, p. 110.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15. 1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pp. 93–95.



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