维基百科中的醫學内容
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醫學聲明。
此條目介紹的是肺部癌症。关于其他肺部肿瘤,请见「
肺部肿瘤」。
肺癌(英語:Lung cancer[7])也称支气管肺癌[10][11][12],是惡性的肺部肿瘤,肇因於肺部組織细胞不受控制地生長[13]。如不治疗,肿瘤细胞會转移至鄰近組織或身體的其他地方[14]。肺部最常見的原發性惡性腫瘤屬於上皮癌[15],可粗分為小细胞癌(SCLC)和非小细胞癌(NSCLC)[3]。肺癌最常見的症狀有咳嗽(包括咳血)、体重减轻、气短和胸痛[1]。
大多数(85%)肺癌患者患病的原因为长期吸菸[4],然而亦有大约10-15%的患者从不吸菸[16]。这部分人患上肺癌常是由于遗传因素和吸入氡氣、石棉、二手煙,或其他空气污染物共同导致[4][17][5][18]。肺癌在胸部X光或斷層掃描(CT)中可见[7],并可通过支气管镜检查或CT引导下进行活检确诊[6][19]。
避開汙染物等風險因子為最主要的預防方式[20]。肺癌的治疗和长期疗效取决于类型、阶段(转移的程度)和患者的整体健康状况[7]。大多數的肺癌無法治癒[3],常見治療方式有外科手術、化疗和放疗[7]。非小细胞肺癌有时采用手术治疗,而小细胞肺癌(SCLC)通常对化疗和放疗的效果佳[21]。
在2012年,全球約有180萬人新罹患肺癌,並導致160萬人死亡[15]。肺癌是男性常見的癌症致死病因,在女性則僅次於乳癌,列名第二[22]。肺癌最常於70歲上下診斷[2]。在美国,总体而言患者在确诊为肺癌之後,有17.4%的人存活时间超过5年[2],而这个比例在发展中国家则较低[23]。
在2020年,全球新发肺癌病例约220.7 万,新增肺癌死亡病例约179.6万,分别占全部恶性肿瘤新发和死亡病例的11.4%和18.0%。[24]2022年中国新发肺癌病例约87.1万,新增肺癌死亡病例约76.7万,分别占所有恶性肿瘤发病和死亡病例的18.1%和23.9%。[25]
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Horn L, Lovly CM, Johnson DH. Chapter 107: Neoplasms of the lung. Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, Loscalzo J (编). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19th. McGraw-Hill. 2015. ISBN 978-0-07-180216-1.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program. National Cancer Institute. [2016-03-05]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lung Cancer—Patient Version. NCI. [2016-03-05]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-09).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Alberg AJ, Brock MV, Samet JM. Chapter 52: Epidemiology of lung cancer. Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine 6th. Saunders Elsevier. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4557-3383-5.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 O'Reilly KM, Mclaughlin AM, Beckett WS, Sime PJ. Asbestos-related lung disease. American Family Physician. March 2007, 75 (5): 683–8. PMID 17375514. (原始内容存档于2007年9月29日).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Lu C, Onn A, Vaporciyan AA, et al. Chapter 78: Cancer of the Lung. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 8th. People's Medical Publishing House. 2010. ISBN 978-1-60795-014-1.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Lung Carcinoma: Tumors of the Lungs. Merck Manual Professional Edition, Online edition. [2007-08-15]. (原始内容存档于2007-08-16).
- ^ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.. Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053): 1545–1602. PMC 5055577 . PMID 27733282. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6.
- ^ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.. Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053): 1459–1544. PMC 5388903 . PMID 27733281. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1.
- ^ 葛均波; 徐永健; 王辰 (编). 第八章 肺癌. 内科学(第9版). 北京: 人民卫生出版社. 2018: 75. ISBN 978-7-117-26541-6.
- ^ 陈至立 (编). 肺癌. 辞海. 上海: 上海辞书出版社. 2019. ISBN 978-7-5326-5325-6. (原始内容存档于2024-03-12).
- ^ 宋元林. 肺癌. 中国大百科全书. 北京: 中国大百科全书出版社. 2022-12-23.
- ^ Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment –Patient Version (PDQ®). NCI. 2015-05-12 [2016-03-05]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-29).
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- ^ 15.0 15.1 World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014: Chapter 5.1. ISBN 92-832-0429-8.
- ^ Thun MJ, Hannan LM, Adams-Campbell LL, et al. Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies. PLoS Medicine. September 2008, 5 (9): e185. PMC 2531137 . PMID 18788891. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050185.
- ^ Carmona, RH. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2006-06-27. (原始内容存档于2017-02-15).
Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke.
- ^ Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking (PDF). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2004, 83. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-08-13).
There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans. ... Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).
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- ^ Sung, Hyuna; Ferlay, Jacques; Siegel, Rebecca L.; Laversanne, Mathieu; Soerjomataram, Isabelle; Jemal, Ahmedin; Bray, Freddie. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2021-05, 71 (3) [2023-11-24]. ISSN 0007-9235. doi:10.3322/caac.21660. (原始内容存档于2024-03-03) (英语).
- ^ Xia, Changfa; Dong, Xuesi; Li, He; Cao, Maomao; Sun, Dianqin; He, Siyi; Yang, Fan; Yan, Xinxin; Zhang, Shaoli; Li, Ni; Chen, Wanqing. Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022: profiles, trends, and determinants. Chinese Medical Journal. 2022-02-09, 135 (5). ISSN 0366-6999. doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000002108.