自殺 

自殺
Suicide
馬奈, 《自殺》英语Le SuicidéLe Suicidé1877–1881, 油畫, 38 x 46cm
這幅畫的題材使它在當時曾引發不少爭議,目前仍未確知畫中男子的身分。有說法認為馬奈創作此畫的用意在於打破當時盛行的學院派畫風。
常見始發於>70歲 和 15–30 歲[1]
类型殺生[*]autoaggression[*]calamity[*]
肇因自缢自刎跳樓英语Suicide by jumping from height藥物中毒英语pesticide poisoning、使用枪械等,詳見自殺方式[2][3]
风险因子重性抑鬱疾患躁鬱症自閉症精神分裂症人格障礙焦虑症酗酒物質濫用[2][4][5][6]
預防限制取得自殺方法的途徑、治療心理疾病物質濫用大眾媒體 能依循專業守則報導自殺、改善經濟條件[2]
死亡數828,000 / 1.5% (2015)[7]
分类和外部资源
醫學專科精神病学
ICD-10X60、​X84
DiseasesDB12641
MedlinePlus001554
eMedicine288598
自殺
类型殺生[*]autoaggression[*]calamity[*]
分类和外部资源
醫學專科精神医学、​心理學
ICD-10X60X84
ICD-9-CME950
DiseasesDB12641
MedlinePlus001554
eMedicinearticle/288598
MeSHF01.145.126.980.875
2016年WHO公布的每10万人口自杀率(年龄标准化)[8]。自杀率高度、红>黄>绿

自殺(英語:Suicide)又稱輕生尋短自盡自戕等,是意圖導致自我軀體死亡的主動行為。[9]精神障礙(包括抑鬱症雙相情感障礙自閉症譜系障礙精神分裂症人格障礙焦慮症)、虛無主義信仰、身體障礙(例如慢性疲勞綜合症)和物質使用障礙(包括酒精使用障礙和使用和戒斷苯二氮卓類藥物)是風險因素。[10][4][6][11]部分自殺是由於壓力(例如經濟學業困難)、人際關係問題(例如分手)或騷擾欺凌等而導致的衝動行為。[10][12][13]曾嘗試過自殺的人未來嘗試自殺的風險相對高。[10]有效的自殺預防工作包括針對自殺途徑進行管理—例如槍支毒品毒物,或治療精神障礙物質濫用,或促使新聞媒體對於相關事件謹慎報導,或改善經濟狀況等。[10][14]儘管自殺預防危機熱線很常見,但還沒有得到很完善的數據研究。[15][16]

常用的自殺方法因地區而異,部分與有效手段的可利用性有關。[17]常見的自殺方法包括上吊、跳樓、服毒和槍支射擊。[10][18]

男性自殺率通常高於女性[1]在某些地區與情境下,70歲以上的人群自殺率偏高,另一些則是15歲至30歲的人群風險最高。[1]在2015年,歐洲是全球自殺率最高的地區之一。[19]據估計,每年有約10至2000萬個自殺未遂案例[20];自殺未遂很可能導致身心受到程度不等的傷害,甚至在接下來的時間裡經歷長期的殘疾狀態。[21]西方世界等地區,這種嘗試常見於年輕及女性人群之中。[21]

對自殺的看法受到了廣泛存在的主題的影響,例如宗教榮譽生命(或人生)的意義。[22][23]由於相信生命是神聖的,亞伯拉罕宗教傳統上認為自殺是對上帝的冒犯[24]日本武士(主導當地社會的)時代,切腹作為自殺形式被視為彌補失敗或表達抗議的方式。[25]印度次大陸等地,娑提是指喪夫的女性在丈夫火葬儀式現場將自身投入火焰中的行為,無論是出於自願或家人及社會的期待之下。[26]自殺和自殺未遂在許多地區被認定為非法行為(如刑事犯罪[27]),但在許多西方國家已不再如此。[28]在20世紀和21世紀,自殺在極少數情況下被用作抗議形式,也用作軍事或恐怖主義手段,例如神風特攻隊自殺性爆炸[29]自殺通常被視為對家人、親戚和其他行為者自身周遭人群的重大災難,並且幾乎在世界各地都受到相對負面的評價。[30][31][32]

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Preventing suicide: a global imperative. WHO. 2014: 7, 20, 40. ISBN 9789241564779. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Suicide Fact sheet N°398. WHO. April 2016 [2016-03-03]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04). 
  3. ^ 引证错误:没有为名为Aj2008的参考文献提供内容
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Hawton K, van Heeringen K. Suicide. Lancet. April 2009, 373 (9672): 1372–81. PMID 19376453. S2CID 208790312. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X. 
  5. ^ De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P. Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances. Current Psychiatry Reports. March 2018, 20 (4): 26. PMID 29594718. doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Richa, S; Fahed, M; Khoury, E; Mishara, B. Suicide in autism spectrum disorders.. Archives of Suicide Research. 2014, 18 (4): 327–39. PMID 24713024. doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.824834. 
  7. ^ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.. Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053): 1459–1544. PMID 27733281. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. 
  8. ^ Suicide rate estimates, age-standardized Estimates by country (报告). WHO. [2020-01-06]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-18). 
  9. ^ Stedman's Medical Dictionary需要免费注册 28th. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7817-3390-8. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Suicide Fact sheet N°398. WHO. April 2016 [2016-03-03]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04). 
  11. ^ Dodds TJ. Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. March 2017, 19 (2). PMID 28257172. doi:10.4088/PCC.16r02037可免费查阅. 
  12. ^ Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS. Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review. Cadernos de Saude Publica. March 2015, 31 (3): 463–75. PMID 25859714. doi:10.1590/0102-311x00036114可免费查阅. 
  13. ^ Suicide rates rising across the U.S. | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC. www.cdc.gov. 2019-04-11 [2019-09-19]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-09) (美国英语). Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide. 
  14. ^ Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals (PDF). 2008 [2021-12-24]. ISBN 978-92-4-159707-4. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-08-29). 
  15. ^ Sakinofsky I. The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. June 2007, 52 (6 Suppl 1): 7S–20S. PMID 17824349. Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking. 
  16. ^ Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, et al. Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review. The Lancet. Psychiatry. July 2016, 3 (7): 646–59. PMID 27289303. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X. hdl:1854/LU-8509936可免费查阅. Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support. 
  17. ^ Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY. Means restriction for suicide prevention. Lancet. June 2012, 379 (9834): 2393–9. PMC 6191653可免费查阅. PMID 22726520. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2. 
  18. ^ Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W. Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. September 2008, 86 (9): 726–32. PMC 2649482可免费查阅. PMID 18797649. doi:10.2471/BLT.07.043489. 
  19. ^ Suicide rates per (100 000 population). World Health Organization. [2021-12-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-19). 
  20. ^ Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A. Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective. World Psychiatry. October 2002, 1 (3): 181–5. PMC 1489848可免费查阅. PMID 16946849. 
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R. The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies. Emergency Medicine Practice. September 2011, 13 (9): 1–23; quiz 23–4. PMID 22164363. 
  22. ^ Tomer A. Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes. Psychology Press. 2013: 282 [2021-12-24]. ISBN 978-1-136-67690-1. (原始内容存档于2020-05-23). 
  23. ^ Ritzer G, Stepnisky J (编). The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 2011: 65 [2021-12-24]. ISBN 978-1-4443-9660-7. (原始内容存档于2020-05-23). 
  24. ^ God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality. Archway Publishing. 2014: 254 [2021-12-24]. ISBN 978-1-4808-1124-9. (原始内容存档于2020-05-23). 
  25. ^ Colt, George Howe. The enigma of suicide 1st. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1992: 139 [2021-12-24]. ISBN 978-0-671-76071-7. (原始内容存档于2020-05-23). 
  26. ^ Indian woman commits sati suicide. Bbc.co.uk. 2002-08-07 [2010-08-26]. (原始内容存档于2011-02-02). 
  27. ^ Lester D. Suicide and islam. Archives of Suicide Research. 2006, 10 (1): 77–97. PMID 16287698. S2CID 35754641. doi:10.1080/13811110500318489. 
  28. ^ White T. Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2010: 12 [2016-03-12]. ISBN 978-1-84905-115-6. (原始内容存档于2021-05-09). 
  29. ^ Aggarwal N. Rethinking suicide bombing. Crisis. 2009, 30 (2): 94–7. PMID 19525169. S2CID 35560934. doi:10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94. 
  30. ^ Noyes, Russell Jr. The Taboo of Suicide. Psychiatry. 1968-05-01, 31 (2): 173–183. ISSN 0033-2747. PMID 27780435. doi:10.1080/00332747.1968.11023545. 
  31. ^ Vaughan, Megan. The 'discovery' of suicide in Africa. BBC. [2020-06-16]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-22) (英国英语). 
  32. ^ Suicide. World Health Organization. [2020-06-16]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-17) (英语). 



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