资本主义 

資本主義(英語:capitalism)是一种生产方式私有制、其寻求利润之行为构成的经济体系[1][2][3]。资本主义的核心特征包括资本积累、竞争市场价格体系私有财产財產權自由交易英语voluntary exchange僱傭勞動[4][5]尽管被称为市场经济的事物在历史上的不同时期存在着,但是诱发工业革命的資本主義的出现则较为晚近,有着不同程度政府干预的资本主义在西方世界处于支配性地位并在全世界扩张,经济增长乃资本主义一大特征。[6]絕大多數的政治經濟學家都將私人產權視為資本主義的最重要特色,而對於資本主義下的僱傭關係、經濟權力、階級、以及歷史發展等則有不同看法[7]。市場的自由程度、私人財產的法規,則是政治、政策上爭論的主要議題。现在所有資本主義國家都沒有真正地執行資本主義,而是都被視為「混合經濟[8],在這種體制下政府以不同程度的計畫政策干預市場的自由運作[7]

  1. ^ Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown, Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart. Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach. Harcourt College Pub. October 1988: 6–7. ISBN 978-0-15-512403-5. Pure capitalism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production (physical capital) are privately owned and run by the capitalist class for a profit, while most other people are workers who work for a salary or wage (and who do not own the capital or the product). 
  2. ^ Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J Barkley. Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. 23 July 2003: 7. ISBN 978-0-262-18234-8. In capitalist economies, land and produced means of production (the capital stock) are owned by private individuals or groups of private individuals organized as firms. 
  3. ^ Chris Jenks. Core Sociological Dichotomies. "Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit." London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi. Sage. p. 383.
  4. ^ Heilbroner, Robert L. "Capitalism" 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期28 October 2017.. Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume, eds. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd ed. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0198.
  5. ^ Louis Hyman and Edward E. Baptist (2014). American Capitalism: A Reader 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期22 May 2015.. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-8431-1.
  6. ^ Michael Joff. The root cause of economic growth under capitalism. Cambridge Journal of Economics. 2011, 35 (5): 873–896. doi:10.1093/cje/beq054. The tendency for capitalist economies to grow is one of their most characteristic properties. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Stilwell, Frank. "Political Economy: the Contest of Economic Ideas." First Edition. Oxford University Press. Melbourne, Australia. 2002.
  8. ^ Case, Karl E., Fair, Ray C., Principles of Macroeconomics, Chapter 22 Globalization, Prentice Hall (2004)



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