疼痛 

疼痛
一位婦女在抽血時的痛苦表情
类型症狀不愉快性[*]感知sensation perception[*]临床科学[*]痛苦
分类和外部资源
醫學專科神經內科
ICD-10R52.9
DiseasesDB9503
MedlinePlus002164

身體的疼痛(pain)是由疾病、创伤、外在伤害性刺激,伴随现有的或潜在的组织损伤,所引起在知觉上或情绪上难受的、不愉快的感觉。疼痛是主观性的,影响的范围可为身体局部或整体,属一种复杂的生理、心理活动。

出於臨床研究的需要,國際疼痛研究國際疼痛研究協會英语International Association for the Study of Pain將疼痛定義為「由真正存在或潛在的身體組織損傷所引起的不舒服知覺和心理感覺」。[1][2]

疼痛是主觀的感覺,早於1968年疼痛處理專家马戈·麦加费利英语Margo McCaffery首次提出一個在護理學界普遍使用的定義:「一個人說感到痛,這就是痛;他說痛仍在,痛就仍在。」(原文:Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does.)[3][4]

身體疼痛是看醫生的主要原因;在美國,有一半看醫生的人是因為疼痛,是最普遍的原因。[5]疼痛也是大部分病患的徵狀,可根據維持時間、強度、種類(如火燒、針刺感等)、位置等來診斷。通常疼痛會自然消退,或通過簡單的止痛處理後消退,這可稱作「急性」疼痛。但有時疼痛本身已是一種病患,如慢性疼痛。近年痛症引起了不同學科專家的關注,如藥理學神經生物學護理學物理治療心理學,並形成了疼痛管理這門在麻醉學、物理治療、神經學精神科等專科之下的附屬專科[6]

人體的痛覺神經有六種[需明示出處],但科學上紀錄有人無法感受痛楚,這種病是先天性无痛症,英文簡稱為“CIP”。

  1. ^ This often quoted definition was first published in 1979 by IASP in Pain journal, number 6, page 250. It is derived from a definition of pain given earlier by Harold Merskey: "An unpleasant experience that we primarily associate with tissue damage or describe in terms of tissue damage or both." Merskey, H. (1964), An Investigation of Pain in Psychological Illness, DM Thesis, Oxford.
  2. ^ See IASP Pain Terminology 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2008-05-12.. The whole entry on the term pain itself reads like this:

    Pain. An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Note: The inability to communicate verbally does not negate the possibility that an individual is experiencing pain and is in need of appropriate pain-relieving treatment. Pain is always subjective. Each individual learns the application of the word through experiences related to injury in early life. Biologists recognize that those stimuli which cause pain are liable to damage tissue. Accordingly, pain is that experience we associate with actual or potential tissue damage. It is unquestionably a sensation in a part or parts of the body, but it is also always unpleasant and therefore also an emotional experience. Experiences which resemble pain but are not unpleasant, e.g., pricking, should not be called pain. Unpleasant abnormal experiences (dysesthesias) may also be pain but are not necessarily so because, subjectively, they may not have the usual sensory qualities of pain. Many people report pain in the absence of tissue damage or any likely pathophysiological cause; usually this happens for psychological reasons. There is usually no way to distinguish their experience from that due to tissue damage if we take the subjective report. If they regard their experience as pain and if they report it in the same ways as pain caused by tissue damage, it should be accepted as pain. This definition avoids tying pain to the stimulus. Activity induced in the nociceptor and nociceptive pathways by a noxious stimulus is not pain, which is always a psychological state, even though we may well appreciate that pain most often has a proximate physical cause.

  3. ^ McCaffery M. Nursing practice theories related to cognition, bodily pain, and man-environment interactions. LosAngeles: UCLA Students Store. 1968.
  4. ^ More recently, McCaffery defined pain as "whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever the experiencing person says it does.” Pasero, Chris; McCaffery, Margo. Pain: clinical manual. St. Louis: Mosby. 1999. ISBN 0-8151-5609-X. .
  5. ^ National Pain Education Council 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2008-06-13.
  6. ^ From the American Board of Medical Specialties 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2008-05-16. website: "Pain Medicine is the medical discipline concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of the entire range of painful disorders. (...) Due to the vast scope of the field, Pain Medicine is a multidisciplinary subspecialty (...)."



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